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Related Concept Videos

Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System I: Cardiac Biomarkers01:20

Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System I: Cardiac Biomarkers

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Cardiac biomarkers are enzymes, proteins, and hormones released into the blood when cardiac cells are injured. They are powerful tools for triaging.
The essential diagnostic tools for detecting myocardial necrosis and monitoring individuals suspected of having acute coronary syndrome (ACS) include:
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Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System II: CRP, Hcy, and Cardiac Natriuretic Peptide Markers01:19

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Cardiac biomarkers are critical in diagnosing, prognosing, and managing cardiovascular diseases. Routine measurement of specific biomarkers such as B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), C-reactive protein (CRP), and homocysteine (Hcy) is common practice in clinical settings to evaluate heart function and predict cardiovascular events.
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Updated: Jan 7, 2026

Dried Blood Spot Collection of Health Biomarkers to Maximize Participation in Population Studies
07:20

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Biomarkers.

Justin Jit Hong Ong1, Yi Jin Leow1,2, Jia Dong James Wang3

  • 1Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.

Alzheimer'S & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer'S Association
|December 24, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Perivascular spaces (PVS) are linked to Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology and cognitive decline. Higher PVS burden correlates with AD biomarkers and poorer cognitive function, suggesting PVS as an early detection marker.

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Neuroimaging
  • Biomarkers

Background:

  • Perivascular spaces (PVS) are key markers of cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) and potential indicators of the vascular contribution to Alzheimer's Disease (AD).
  • While PVS are linked to cerebrovascular dysfunction, their specific role in AD pathology and cognitive decline, especially in diverse populations, requires further investigation.
  • This study examines the relationship between PVS burden, AD plasma biomarkers, and cognitive impairment in a Southeast Asian cohort.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the association between PVS burden in the basal ganglia and AD plasma biomarkers (p-tau181, NfL, GFAP, Aβ42/40).
  • To assess the relationship between PVS burden and cognitive function in a multi-ethnic population.
  • To explore the potential of PVS as an early biomarker for dementia detection.

Main Methods:

  • Cross-sectional study of 979 Singaporean participants (mean age 58.2 years) from the BIOCIS cohort.
  • Neuropsychological assessments classified participants into cognitively normal, subjective cognitive decline, and mild cognitive impairment groups.
  • MRI was used to assess PVS and other CSVD markers; plasma AD biomarkers were quantified; statistical analyses adjusted for relevant covariates.

Main Results:

  • Higher PVS burden strongly correlated with elevated GFAP, NfL, and p-tau181, and inversely with the Aβ42/40 ratio.
  • PVS showed the strongest association with amyloid-beta pathology in mild cognitive impairment participants compared to other CSVD markers.
  • Increased PVS burden was linked to poorer visuospatial and executive functions.

Conclusions:

  • PVS burden serves as a marker for cerebrovascular dysfunction and amyloid-tau pathology in preclinical and prodromal AD.
  • PVS, as an accessible MRI marker, can enhance diagnostic frameworks for AD.
  • Integrating PVS assessment into diagnostic protocols may facilitate earlier and more accurate identification of individuals at risk for AD.