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Related Concept Videos

Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System I: Cardiac Biomarkers01:20

Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System I: Cardiac Biomarkers

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Cardiac biomarkers are enzymes, proteins, and hormones released into the blood when cardiac cells are injured. They are powerful tools for triaging.
The essential diagnostic tools for detecting myocardial necrosis and monitoring individuals suspected of having acute coronary syndrome (ACS) include:
Troponins
Troponins, particularly cardiac troponins I and T, are the most precise and sensitive markers of myocardial injury. They are detectable within 4-6 hours of myocardial injury and remain...
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Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System II: CRP, Hcy, and Cardiac Natriuretic Peptide Markers01:19

Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System II: CRP, Hcy, and Cardiac Natriuretic Peptide Markers

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Cardiac biomarkers are critical in diagnosing, prognosing, and managing cardiovascular diseases. Routine measurement of specific biomarkers such as B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), C-reactive protein (CRP), and homocysteine (Hcy) is common practice in clinical settings to evaluate heart function and predict cardiovascular events.
These markers indicate stress or strain on the heart muscle:
Natriuretic Peptides (BNP)
Cardiac myocytes produce these hormones in response to ventricular stretching...
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Updated: Jan 7, 2026

Dried Blood Spot Collection of Health Biomarkers to Maximize Participation in Population Studies
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Biomarkers.

Patrick J Smith1, Kim G Johnson2, Heidi L Roth3

  • 1University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.

Alzheimer'S & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer'S Association
|December 24, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Alzheimer's Disease and Related Dementias (ADRD) biomarkers in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) show significant associations with age and APOE risk, potentially emerging in middle age. These findings are crucial for understanding early ADRD biomarker changes.

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Biomarker Discovery
  • Gerontology

Background:

  • Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers are vital for diagnosing Alzheimer's Disease and Related Dementias (ADRD).
  • Their utility in middle-aged individuals requires further investigation.
  • This study examines ADRD biomarker profiles across the adult lifespan.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association of age and APOE risk with ADRD biomarker profiles.
  • To determine if these associations begin in middle age.
  • To characterize CSF biomarker patterns in a diverse adult cohort.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of CSF biomarkers (Aβ42/40, p-tau181, NfL) in 162 participants from the Duke-UNC ADRC cohort.
  • Correlation of biomarker levels with demographic and clinical factors, including age and APOE genotype.
  • Linear regression models to assess relationships between biomarkers and covariates.

Main Results:

  • Age and APOE risk were significant correlates of ADRD biomarker levels.
  • Older age was associated with lower Aβ42/40 and higher p-tau181 and NfL.
  • APOE risk allele carriers showed similar patterns: lower Aβ42/40 and higher p-tau181.
  • Biomarker levels suggestive of ADRD were observed in some individuals starting in midlife.

Conclusions:

  • Age and APOE risk are robustly associated with ADRD biomarkers.
  • These associations may commence in middle age, highlighting potential for early detection.
  • Further research is warranted to elucidate the clinical implications of these midlife biomarker changes.