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Related Concept Videos

Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System I: Cardiac Biomarkers01:20

Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System I: Cardiac Biomarkers

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Cardiac biomarkers are enzymes, proteins, and hormones released into the blood when cardiac cells are injured. They are powerful tools for triaging.
The essential diagnostic tools for detecting myocardial necrosis and monitoring individuals suspected of having acute coronary syndrome (ACS) include:
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Troponins, particularly cardiac troponins I and T, are the most precise and sensitive markers of myocardial injury. They are detectable within 4-6 hours of myocardial injury and remain...
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Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System II: CRP, Hcy, and Cardiac Natriuretic Peptide Markers01:19

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Cardiac biomarkers are critical in diagnosing, prognosing, and managing cardiovascular diseases. Routine measurement of specific biomarkers such as B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), C-reactive protein (CRP), and homocysteine (Hcy) is common practice in clinical settings to evaluate heart function and predict cardiovascular events.
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Cardiac myocytes produce these hormones in response to ventricular stretching...
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Dried Blood Spot Collection of Health Biomarkers to Maximize Participation in Population Studies
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Biomarkers.

Zehui Sun1, Tengfei Li1, Samir Kelada1

  • 1University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.

Alzheimer'S & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer'S Association
|December 24, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study reveals how air pollutant PM2.5 interacts with genetic risk factors for Alzheimer's disease (AD), identifying new genetic loci involved in brain structure and function. These findings highlight the impact of environmental factors on AD genetic architecture.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Genetics
  • Environmental Health

Background:

  • Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) identified single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk, but their functions are unclear.
  • Air pollutants like PM2.5 are increasingly linked to AD pathological progression.
  • Gene-environment (GxE) interactions are crucial for understanding complex diseases like AD.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the gene-environment (GxE) interaction between PM2.5 exposure and brain imaging-derived phenotypes (IDPs) in the context of Alzheimer's disease (AD) genetic risk.
  • To explore how air pollutants influence the genetic architecture of AD.
  • To identify novel genetic loci associated with GxE effects in AD.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized UK Biobank data, including brain volumetrics (N=47,258) and white matter tract diffusion imaging metrics (N=45,522).
  • Modeled PM2.5 exposure using a Land Use Regression (LUR) model.
  • Applied interaction tests and calculated heritability of GxE using PIGEON, with post-GWAS analysis via FUMA and MAGMA.

Main Results:

  • Identified six significant GxE interactions between PM2.5 and AD polygenic score (PGS) in brain regional volumes and white matter tracts (p < 0.05).
  • Observed ten significant heritability of interaction effects (p < 0.05) for IDPs.
  • Discovered 23 lead SNPs interacting with PM2.5 associated with white matter microstructure and regional brain volumes at a genome-wide threshold (5 × 10⁻⁸).

Conclusions:

  • This study identifies novel risk loci associated with GxE effects of PM2.5 in the genetic architecture of Alzheimer's disease.
  • Findings demonstrate the interplay between common air pollutants like PM2.5 and the genetic architecture of various brain structures and functions.
  • Highlights the importance of considering environmental factors in understanding AD's complex genetic landscape.