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Clinical Manifestations.

Truc Tran Thanh Nguyen1, Yu-Ling Chang1

  • 1National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.

Alzheimer'S & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer'S Association
|December 24, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Intraindividual standard deviation (ISD) and overall test battery mean (OTBM) together better predict cognitive impairment and brain changes than the coefficient of variation (CoV) alone. Analyzing ISD and OTBM separately offers crucial insights lost when using CoV.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Biostatistics

Background:

  • Cognitive dispersion, the variability in neuropsychological test performance, is clinically relevant but lacks a standardized index.
  • Uncertainty exists regarding the preference between intraindividual standard deviation (ISD) and coefficient of variation (CoV) for measuring cognitive dispersion.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the efficacy of ISD and CoV in predicting cognitive status (cognitively unimpaired vs. mild cognitive impairment) and entorhinal cortical thickness.
  • To investigate the distinct contributions of ISD and overall test battery mean (OTBM) in understanding cognitive variability.

Main Methods:

  • 200 participants (100 cognitively unimpaired, 100 amnestic mild cognitive impairment) underwent 21 neuropsychological tests.
  • Test scores were converted to T-scores; ISD and CoV were calculated alongside OTBM.
  • Logistic and linear regression analyses examined associations between dispersion measures, cognitive classification, and entorhinal cortical thickness.

Main Results:

  • ISD combined with OTBM (including their interaction) was more effective than CoV alone in predicting CU/MCI classification and entorhinal cortical thickness.
  • At low OTBM, low ISD was associated with greater entorhinal cortical thickness, while high ISD showed no such association.
  • Regression models demonstrated minimal multicollinearity, ensuring the reliability of the findings.

Conclusions:

  • ISD and CoV are not interchangeable and have distinct predictive relationships with clinical and neuroanatomical outcomes.
  • Separating ISD and OTBM provides valuable information on their interaction, which is obscured when using CoV alone.
  • These findings support a more nuanced approach to quantifying cognitive dispersion in clinical and research settings.