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Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System I: Cardiac Biomarkers01:20

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Cardiac biomarkers are enzymes, proteins, and hormones released into the blood when cardiac cells are injured. They are powerful tools for triaging.
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Cardiac biomarkers are critical in diagnosing, prognosing, and managing cardiovascular diseases. Routine measurement of specific biomarkers such as B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), C-reactive protein (CRP), and homocysteine (Hcy) is common practice in clinical settings to evaluate heart function and predict cardiovascular events.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 7, 2026

Dried Blood Spot Collection of Health Biomarkers to Maximize Participation in Population Studies
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Biomarkers.

Anto Praveen Rajkumar Rajamani1,2, Fatma Busra Isik3, Helen Miranda Knight4

  • 1University of Nottingham, Nottingham, Nottinghamshire, United Kingdom.

Alzheimer'S & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer'S Association
|December 24, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed a novel blood test using plasma small extracellular vesicle (SEV) RNA to distinguish Dementia with Lewy Bodies (DLB) from Alzheimer's Disease (AD). This neuroinflammation-focused assay shows promise for accurate DLB diagnosis.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Biomarker Discovery
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Distinguishing Dementia with Lewy Bodies (DLB) from Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is crucial due to differing prognoses, risk factors, and treatments.
  • Current radioisotope-based imaging biomarkers for DLB are not widely accessible, highlighting the need for blood-based diagnostic markers.
  • Chronic microglial activation is implicated in AD pathology but absent in DLB, suggesting microglial-derived biomarkers could aid differentiation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify and validate blood-based biomarkers for accurate differentiation between DLB and AD.
  • To investigate the utility of plasma small extracellular vesicle (SEV) RNA, particularly microglial-derived RNA, as a diagnostic marker for DLB.
  • To refine a prototype multiplex RNA assay for improved diagnostic accuracy.

Main Methods:

  • Plasma samples were collected from individuals with DLB, AD, and controls (N=30).
  • Small extracellular vesicles (SEVs) were isolated from plasma and enriched for microglial origin using TMEM119 immunoprecipitation.
  • RNA was extracted from enriched SEVs, and differential gene expression was analyzed using next-generation RNA sequencing.

Main Results:

  • A novel protocol for enriching microglial-origin plasma SEVs was established, enabling measurement of low-input RNA.
  • Next-generation RNA sequencing identified 28 differentially expressed RNAs in DLB patients compared to AD patients, including MAPK6, IRAK1, and MIR28.
  • Functional enrichment analysis revealed downregulation of pathways associated with Galactosyltransferase activity and inflammation in DLB.

Conclusions:

  • Plasma SEV RNA, focused on neuroinflammation markers, can accurately distinguish DLB from AD.
  • The identified differentially expressed RNAs will be used to develop a multiplex plasma SEV RNA assay.
  • The diagnostic accuracy of the developed assay will be evaluated in an independent cohort.