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Cardiac biomarkers are enzymes, proteins, and hormones released into the blood when cardiac cells are injured. They are powerful tools for triaging.
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Dried Blood Spot Collection of Health Biomarkers to Maximize Participation in Population Studies
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Biomarkers.

Alice Grazia1, Fedor Levin2, Frank Jessen3

  • 1University Medicine Rostock, Rostock, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany.

Alzheimer'S & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer'S Association
|December 25, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Male sex and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) are linked to reduced basal forebrain volume. This study explored sex and APOE genotype impacts on brain volume in MCI versus cognitively normal individuals.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroimaging
  • Neurodegenerative Diseases
  • Alzheimer's Disease Pathogenesis

Background:

  • Early basal forebrain atrophy is observed in Alzheimer's disease (AD) prodromal stages.
  • Women and APOE4 carriers have higher AD risk, but underlying mechanisms remain unclear.
  • Investigating sex and APOE genotype's role in AD pathogenesis is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine the impact of sex and APOE genotype on longitudinal basal forebrain volume.
  • To compare individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) to cognitively normal (CN) individuals.
  • To understand sex-specific mechanisms in AD pathogenesis.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of MRI scans from the DELCODE study (936 CN, 536 MCI at baseline).
  • Longitudinal volume segmentation and linear mixed-effect modeling.
  • Assessment of APOE genotype, sex, diagnosis, and time effects on basal forebrain volume.

Main Results:

  • Male sex was significantly associated with lower basal forebrain volume (p=0.001).
  • MCI diagnosis was significantly associated with lower basal forebrain volume (p<0.0001).
  • APOE status and time did not show significant effects on basal forebrain volume.

Conclusions:

  • Basal forebrain volume is significantly smaller in males and individuals with MCI.
  • The rate of volume change over time did not significantly differ based on sex, MCI status, or APOE status.