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Clinical Manifestations.

Joana Emilia Senger1, Luiza Santos Machado2, Maiele Dornelles Silveira3

  • 1Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.

Alzheimer'S & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer'S Association
|December 25, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Long COVID may impact global cognitive scores, particularly in individuals with lower education. Higher education may offer cognitive resilience against long COVID neurological effects.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Public Health
  • Cognitive Science

Background:

  • Long COVID, a persistent condition post-SARS-CoV-2 infection, presents with diverse symptoms, including neurological effects.
  • Understanding the impact of long COVID on cognitive function is crucial for public health strategies.
  • Educational attainment is a known factor influencing cognitive reserve and resilience.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how long COVID affects neuropsychological performance in adults.
  • To examine the role of educational level (high vs. low) in long COVID's cognitive impact.
  • To identify potential disparities in cognitive outcomes based on education and long COVID status.

Main Methods:

  • Community-dwelling adults in Porto Alegre, Brazil, were categorized into four groups: Control-Low Education, Control-High Education, Long COVID-Low Education, and Long COVID-High Education.
  • Neuropsychological assessments included the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Trail Making Test (TMT-B), and Wechsler Memory Scale (WMS-R).
  • Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Kruskal Wallis tests were employed to analyze group differences, with statistical significance set at p < 0.05.

Main Results:

  • A total of 122 participants (mean age 59.6 years, 73.8% female) were analyzed.
  • Lower MMSE scores were observed in the Control-Low Education group compared to the Control-High Education group (p=0.007).
  • The Long COVID-Low Education group also showed significantly lower MMSE scores than the Control-High Education group (p=0.009), indicating an effect of education on cognitive performance, but no specific long COVID effect on other cognitive domains was found.

Conclusions:

  • Educational attainment significantly influences cognitive reserve and resilience against neurological manifestations of long COVID.
  • Higher education may protect against cognitive decline associated with long COVID.
  • While long COVID was linked to reduced global cognitive scores, specific cognitive domains were not uniquely vulnerable; support for low-education populations is vital for brain health.