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Cardiac biomarkers are enzymes, proteins, and hormones released into the blood when cardiac cells are injured. They are powerful tools for triaging.
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Dried Blood Spot Collection of Health Biomarkers to Maximize Participation in Population Studies
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Biomarkers.

Adrián Quivira-Lopesino1, Pablo Cuesta1, Isabel Suárez1

  • 1Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Madrid, Spain.

Alzheimer'S & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer'S Association
|December 25, 2025
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers used two methods to analyze brain activity in mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Both techniques suggest a decreased excitation/inhibition (E/I) balance in MCI patients, potentially linked to Alzheimer's disease progression.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Electrophysiology
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a leading cause of dementia, characterized by Aβ peptide and hyperphosphorylated tau accumulation.
  • Neuropathology in AD disrupts the brain's excitation/inhibition (E/I) balance, impacting cognitive functions like memory.
  • Alterations in E/I balance are critical in understanding AD's progression and its electrophysiological underpinnings.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the electrophysiological changes in the excitation/inhibition (E/I) balance in individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI).
  • To evaluate novel computational methods for quantifying E/I balance from neural oscillations.
  • To correlate E/I balance alterations with early-stage AD neuropathology.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized the FOOOF (Fitting Oscillations & One Over F) algorithm to determine the aperiodic exponent (ExpA) from power spectrum analysis.
  • Employed a novel method to quantify the functional E/I ratio (fE/I) of neural oscillations.
  • Applied these methods to magnetoencephalography (MEG) signals from individuals with MCI and healthy participants (HP).

Main Results:

  • FOOOF analysis indicated higher ExpA in MCI patients, suggesting a potential shift in E/I balance.
  • The fE/I ratio analysis revealed values below 1 in MCI patients, indicating a trend towards inhibition.
  • Both methodologies provided consistent, albeit approximated, measures of E/I balance.

Conclusions:

  • Both FOOOF and fE/I ratio methods effectively approximate E/I balance.
  • Findings suggest a decreased E/I balance in individuals with MCI.
  • This decrease may be linked to the accumulation of hyperphosphorylated tau, a hallmark of Alzheimer's Disease.