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Clinical Manifestations.

Miguel Arce Renteria1, Iris Strangmann2, Yingxu Liu3

  • 1Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York City, NY, USA.

Alzheimer'S & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer'S Association
|December 25, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Active multilingualism, defined by early second language acquisition, high proficiency, and daily use, is linked to better cognitive function in older adults. This suggests multilingualism may build cognitive reserve, potentially delaying cognitive aging.

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Aging Research
  • Linguistic Studies

Background:

  • Multilingualism's cognitive benefits are debated, with varying linguistic profiles among speakers.
  • Factors like age of second language acquisition (AoA), proficiency, and usage frequency are key.
  • Understanding these specific multilingual characteristics is crucial for cognitive aging research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if 'active' multilingualism (early AoA, high proficiency, daily use) enhances cognitive and neuroimaging outcomes.
  • To compare active multilinguals with 'passive' multilinguals in a diverse older Indian population.
  • To explore the relationship between specific multilingual traits and cognitive performance.

Main Methods:

  • Analyzed data from 492 multilingual older adults from the Longitudinal Aging Study in India-Diagnostic Assessment of Dementia (LASI-DAD).
  • Classified participants into active, passive, and mixed multilingual groups based on AoA, proficiency, and language use.
  • Assessed cognitive domains (executive function, language, memory) and utilized MRI scans for a subsample.

Main Results:

  • Active multilinguals showed superior executive functioning and language performance compared to passive multilinguals.
  • A subgroup of highly proficient multilinguals also demonstrated better executive functioning.
  • No significant group differences were found in memory, gray matter volume, or cortical thickness.

Conclusions:

  • Active multilingualism is associated with enhanced cognitive function in older Indian adults.
  • Active multilingualism may contribute to cognitive reserve, indicated by altered brain-cognition associations.
  • Further longitudinal research with larger neuroimaging samples is needed to confirm these brain-cognition relationships.