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Cardiac biomarkers are enzymes, proteins, and hormones released into the blood when cardiac cells are injured. They are powerful tools for triaging.
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Dried Blood Spot Collection of Health Biomarkers to Maximize Participation in Population Studies
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Biomarkers.

Colleen Pappas1, Christopher E Bauer1, Valentinos Zachariou1

  • 1University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.

Alzheimer'S & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer'S Association
|December 25, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Increased blood brain barrier (BBB) water exchange rate (kw) is linked to worsening white matter hyperintensities (WMHs) over time in older adults. This suggests BBB dysfunction may contribute to cerebrovascular disease progression.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroimaging
  • Cerebrovascular Disease Research
  • Cognitive Impairment Studies

Background:

  • Cerebrovascular disease (CVD) impacts cognitive function, contributing to cognitive impairment and dementia (VCID).
  • Blood brain barrier (BBB) integrity is increasingly recognized as a factor in CVD.
  • Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) markers like white matter hyperintensities (WMHs) and free water (FW) are established CVD indicators.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relationship between BBB water exchange rate (kw), a measure of BBB function, and changes in WMHs and FW over approximately 2.5 years.
  • To explore how baseline BBB function relates to the progression of cerebrovascular damage markers.

Main Methods:

  • 68 older adults underwent neuroimaging using diffusion prepared pseudo-continuous arterial spin labeling (DP-pCASL) to measure BBB water exchange rate (kw), cerebral blood flow (CBF), and arterial transit time (ATT).
  • WMH volume and white matter FW were quantified using MRI (FLAIR and diffusion-weighted imaging) at baseline and follow-up.
  • Mixed-effects models analyzed associations between baseline DP-pCASL measures and changes in WMHs or FW, controlling for age, gender, and intracranial volume.

Main Results:

  • Higher baseline BBB water exchange rate (kw) predicted an increase in WMHs over time, though not related at baseline.
  • Higher baseline cerebral blood flow (CBF) was associated with fewer WMHs at baseline but not with longitudinal changes.
  • Arterial transit time (ATT) showed no significant association with WMHs.
  • Higher kw was related to lower FW cross-sectionally, but this did not persist longitudinally.
  • CBF and ATT were not associated with FW at baseline or over time.

Conclusions:

  • Preliminary findings indicate BBB water exchange rate (kw) is associated with longitudinal changes in WMHs and baseline FW.
  • Increased water exchange across the BBB may increase susceptibility to white matter damage.
  • Further research is needed to fully elucidate the impact of BBB efficiency on cerebrovascular health.