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Related Concept Videos

Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System I: Cardiac Biomarkers01:20

Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System I: Cardiac Biomarkers

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Cardiac biomarkers are enzymes, proteins, and hormones released into the blood when cardiac cells are injured. They are powerful tools for triaging.
The essential diagnostic tools for detecting myocardial necrosis and monitoring individuals suspected of having acute coronary syndrome (ACS) include:
Troponins
Troponins, particularly cardiac troponins I and T, are the most precise and sensitive markers of myocardial injury. They are detectable within 4-6 hours of myocardial injury and remain...
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Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System II: CRP, Hcy, and Cardiac Natriuretic Peptide Markers01:19

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Cardiac biomarkers are critical in diagnosing, prognosing, and managing cardiovascular diseases. Routine measurement of specific biomarkers such as B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), C-reactive protein (CRP), and homocysteine (Hcy) is common practice in clinical settings to evaluate heart function and predict cardiovascular events.
These markers indicate stress or strain on the heart muscle:
Natriuretic Peptides (BNP)
Cardiac myocytes produce these hormones in response to ventricular stretching...
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Dried Blood Spot Collection of Health Biomarkers to Maximize Participation in Population Studies
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Biomarkers.

Allison J Huff1, Juyoung Park2, Samuel Montero-Hernandez3

  • 1University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.

Alzheimer'S & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer'S Association
|December 25, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) may identify biomarkers for apathy and pain in Alzheimer's Disease and Related Dementias (ADRD). Brain activity patterns differ based on cognitive function, aiding tailored interventions.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Medical Imaging
  • Gerontology

Background:

  • Alzheimer's Disease and Related Dementias (ADRD) present progressive neurodegeneration.
  • Chronic pain and neuropsychiatric symptoms are common in ADRD, potentially exacerbating cognitive decline.
  • Understanding the interplay between pain, neuropsychiatric symptoms, and brain activity is crucial for managing ADRD.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relationship between self-reported pain, neuropsychiatric symptoms, and cortical hemodynamic changes in individuals with ADRD.
  • To explore how cognitive function (high vs. low) influences these relationships.
  • To assess the utility of functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) in characterizing these associations.

Main Methods:

  • Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) measured cerebral hemodynamic changes in prefrontal and motor cortices in 40 participants with ADRD and chronic pain.
  • Self-reported pain, depression, and apathy were assessed using validated questionnaires.
  • Participants were stratified into high and low cognitive function groups based on cognitive assessment scores.

Main Results:

  • Significant negative correlations between oxy-hemoglobin and apathy were observed in the right frontal region for individuals with low cognitive function (p=0.04).
  • Significant positive correlations between oxy-hemoglobin and apathy were found in the right motor region for those with high cognitive function (p=0.04).
  • A positive correlation between oxy-hemoglobin and pain was noted in the middle frontal region for individuals with higher cognitive function (p=0.04).

Conclusions:

  • fNIRS shows potential as a biomarker for apathy and depression in ADRD.
  • Differential patterns of brain activity associated with neuropsychiatric symptoms suggest varying manifestations based on cognitive status.
  • These findings may inform more effective, personalized interventions for neuropsychiatric symptoms in ADRD patients.