A Practice Algorithm for Distinguishing Uterine Arteriovenous Malformation in Postpregnancy Hemorrhage

Diagnosing the cause of delayed postpregnancy hemorrhage is imperative for effective management. The most common factor to lead to this is retained products of conception (RPOC); however, it is often difficult to distinguish RPOC from uterine arteriovenous malformations (AVMs). AVMs are abnormal vascular connections that can lead to sudden and persistent uterine bleeding that can be life-threatening. Though rare, there are many challenges to establishing a true diagnosis of an AVM versus RPOC and planning for treatment when a diagnosis of AVM is suspected.

In this study, authors present a case series of five patients who had the potential diagnosis of an AVM and how each was managed. The authors extrapolated best practices from these five cases and created a new algorithm to tailor management for patients with concern for AVMs.

This algorithm relies on utilizing transvaginal ultrasound as the first diagnostic technique, facilitating an early conversation with radiology if suspicion for AVM exists, and then determining if further imaging is needed or if the clinician can proceed to diagnostic hysteroscopy. In addition, if the decision is made for hysteroscopy, consultation with interventional radiology is recommended in case of urgent intervention to prevent further morbidity with hysterectomy.

Though much is left to be explored regarding conservative management for uterine AVM, this paper is an initial attempt at proposing a practice algorithm for multidisciplinary management of this potentially life-threatening condition.