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Cardamom and fennel extracts show neuroprotective effects, inhibiting acetylcholinesterase and reducing oxidative stress in cell models. Extracts were more effective than pure compounds, highlighting their potential for brain health.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Pharmacology
  • Natural Product Chemistry

Background:

  • Elettaria cardamomum (Cardamom) and Foeniculum vulgare (Fennel) are recognized spices with traditional use as mouth fresheners.
  • This study investigates the neuroprotective potential of these spices using acellular and cellular assays.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the neuroprotective, anti-oxidative, and anti-amyloidogenic properties of Cardamom and Fennel extracts and their key phytochemicals.
  • To assess their inhibitory effects on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and amyloid-beta (Aβ) fibrillization.

Main Methods:

  • Preparation of hexane and ethyl acetate extracts from Cardamom and Fennel seeds.
  • Identification of bioactive compounds using Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS).
  • Cell-based assays using SH-SY5Y cells subjected to hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress.
  • Evaluation of neuroprotection, reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), anti-Aβ fibrillization/oligomerization, and anti-acetylcholinesterase activity.

Main Results:

  • α-Terpinyl acetate (Cardamom) and anethol (Fennel) were identified as major compounds. Cardamom extracts and α-terpinyl acetate showed potent AChE inhibition.
  • Extracts demonstrated significant anti-Aβ fibrillization activity, while anethol showed potent anti-Aβ oligomerization activity.
  • Cardamom extracts exhibited superior neuroprotection in SH-SY5Y cells against oxidative stress, and both extracts helped restore ROS levels.

Conclusions:

  • Cardamom and Fennel extracts offer significant neuroprotection, outperforming their isolated pure compounds in cellular assays.
  • The extracts possess strong anti-amyloidogenic properties, particularly anti-Aβ fibrillization, suggesting therapeutic potential for neurodegenerative diseases.