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Related Concept Videos

Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System I: Cardiac Biomarkers01:20

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Cardiac biomarkers are enzymes, proteins, and hormones released into the blood when cardiac cells are injured. They are powerful tools for triaging.
The essential diagnostic tools for detecting myocardial necrosis and monitoring individuals suspected of having acute coronary syndrome (ACS) include:
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Cardiac biomarkers are critical in diagnosing, prognosing, and managing cardiovascular diseases. Routine measurement of specific biomarkers such as B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), C-reactive protein (CRP), and homocysteine (Hcy) is common practice in clinical settings to evaluate heart function and predict cardiovascular events.
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Dried Blood Spot Collection of Health Biomarkers to Maximize Participation in Population Studies
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Biomarkers.

Fatemeh Tabassi Mofrad1, John Gallacher2

  • 1University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.

Alzheimer'S & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer'S Association
|December 25, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Dementia patients show brain atrophy and inflammation in specific areas. Subcortical grey matter volumes can help diagnose dementia with 82% accuracy, aiding early detection.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroimaging
  • Neuropathology
  • Biomarker Discovery

Background:

  • Dementia affects over 55 million globally, necessitating urgent diagnostic and therapeutic advancements.
  • Current understanding of dementia's neuropathological mechanisms and associated brain structural signatures remains incomplete.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate subcortical grey matter volume alterations as potential diagnostic biomarkers for dementia.
  • To identify specific brain regions affected by volumetric changes in dementia patients.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized T1-weighted structural brain scans from 152 dementia patients and 152 healthy controls (UK Biobank).
  • Analyzed grey matter volumes (GMVs) of the Brain Stem, Thalamus, Caudate, Putamen, Amygdala, Hippocampus, and Pallidum.
  • Performed multifactor MANOVA and Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, including age and sex as factors.

Main Results:

  • Observed significant GMV shrinkage in the Brain Stem, left/right Amygdala, and Hippocampus in dementia patients.
  • Detected increased GMVs in the left/right Caudate and Pallidum, attributed to neuroinflammation.
  • Achieved 82% diagnostic accuracy in discriminating dementia patients from healthy individuals using a model incorporating volumetric data, age, and sex.

Conclusions:

  • Dementia involves both atrophy and inflammation in subcortical grey matter, highlighting neuroinflammation's role in pathogenesis.
  • Subcortical GMVs are reliable biomarkers for early dementia detection and diagnosis in clinical settings.
  • Findings support timely intervention strategies based on neuroimaging biomarkers.