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Effective shielding elements and oxides for medical X-ray applications.

H M Badran1, M M Mourad1, T Sharshar2

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Researchers identified alternative materials like tantalum, tungsten, and bismuth oxides for lead-free X-ray shielding. These materials offer reduced mass and thickness for medical imaging applications, enhancing safety and efficiency.

Keywords:
Alternative shieldsIonizing radiationPb-free shieldingRadiation protectionX-ray

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Medical Physics
  • Radiation Shielding

Background:

  • Lead (Pb) is a traditional material for X-ray shielding but poses environmental and health concerns.
  • Developing effective, lightweight, and thinner X-ray shielding alternatives is crucial for medical imaging advancements.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate elements with atomic numbers 55-83 and their oxides as potential lead substitutes for X-ray shielding.
  • To assess shielding effectiveness across a broad energy range (10 keV to 500 keV) for various medical applications.

Main Methods:

  • Calculated Pb-equivalent mass and thickness ratios for candidate elements and oxides.
  • Compared broad-beam and narrow-beam attenuation, and mono-energetic vs. X-ray tube spectra.
  • Conducted measurements and calculations for 0.5 mm Pb as a reference.

Main Results:

  • Tantalum (Ta), Tungsten (W), and lead/bismuth oxides are suitable for mammography (15 keV).
  • Samarium (Sm), Neodymium (Nd), Bismuth (Bi), and various oxides are effective for dental X-ray shielding (approx. 50 keV).
  • Lead/bismuth oxides are preferred for CT scans, while Bi and W are suitable for high-energy X-rays.

Conclusions:

  • Lead-free X-ray shielding solutions using elements 55-83 and their oxides are viable.
  • Specific materials demonstrate optimal performance for different medical imaging modalities.
  • Findings support the development of safer and more efficient X-ray shielding technologies.