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Related Concept Videos

Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System I: Cardiac Biomarkers01:20

Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System I: Cardiac Biomarkers

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Cardiac biomarkers are enzymes, proteins, and hormones released into the blood when cardiac cells are injured. They are powerful tools for triaging.
The essential diagnostic tools for detecting myocardial necrosis and monitoring individuals suspected of having acute coronary syndrome (ACS) include:
Troponins
Troponins, particularly cardiac troponins I and T, are the most precise and sensitive markers of myocardial injury. They are detectable within 4-6 hours of myocardial injury and remain...
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Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System II: CRP, Hcy, and Cardiac Natriuretic Peptide Markers01:19

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Cardiac biomarkers are critical in diagnosing, prognosing, and managing cardiovascular diseases. Routine measurement of specific biomarkers such as B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), C-reactive protein (CRP), and homocysteine (Hcy) is common practice in clinical settings to evaluate heart function and predict cardiovascular events.
These markers indicate stress or strain on the heart muscle:
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Cardiac myocytes produce these hormones in response to ventricular stretching...
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Updated: Jan 7, 2026

Dried Blood Spot Collection of Health Biomarkers to Maximize Participation in Population Studies
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Biomarkers.

Lieke Bakker1,2, Kyonghwan Choe2, Daniel L A van den Hove2

  • 1Alzheimer Center Limburg, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Limburg, Netherlands.

Alzheimer'S & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer'S Association
|December 25, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Alzheimer's disease dementia is linked to lower blood levels of kynurenine pathway metabolites. This study challenges the idea that neurotoxic quinolinic acid significantly contributes to dementia development.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Biochemistry
  • Metabolomics

Background:

  • The kynurenine pathway (KP) is implicated in dementia pathogenesis, but clinical findings are inconsistent.
  • Previous research on KP metabolites in cognitive impairment has yielded contradictory results.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review and meta-analyze evidence on kynurenine pathway metabolite differences in cognitive impairment.
  • To investigate associations between KP metabolites and cognitive functioning in dementia patients.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review and random-effects meta-analysis of studies up to October 2023.
  • Inclusion of prospective, cross-sectional, and case-control studies from major databases.
  • Assessment of heterogeneity, meta-regression, bias, and study quality.

Main Results:

  • Alzheimer's disease dementia patients showed lower cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of tryptophan, 3-hydroxykynurenine, anthranilic acid, and quinolinic acid compared to controls.
  • Lower blood levels of tryptophan, kynurenic acid, xanthurenic acid, and 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid were observed in Alzheimer's disease dementia.
  • Trends for altered KP metabolites were noted in mild cognitive impairment, though based on fewer studies.

Conclusions:

  • Alzheimer's disease dementia is associated with reduced blood levels of several kynurenine pathway metabolites.
  • The findings question the significant role of neurotoxic quinolinic acid in dementia pathogenesis.