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Cardiac biomarkers are enzymes, proteins, and hormones released into the blood when cardiac cells are injured. They are powerful tools for triaging.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 7, 2026

Dried Blood Spot Collection of Health Biomarkers to Maximize Participation in Population Studies
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Biomarkers.

Ruma Raha-Chowdhury1

  • 1University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.

Alzheimer'S & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer'S Association
|December 26, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers identified specific proteins in the blood of individuals with Down syndrome (DS) that may help detect early signs of Alzheimer's dementia (DSAD). This discovery could lead to non-invasive screening methods for pre-symptomatic Alzheimer's disease.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Biochemistry
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Down syndrome (DS) individuals exhibit amyloid plaques and an elevated risk of Alzheimer's dementia (DSAD).
  • Early detection of pre-symptomatic DSAD is crucial for timely therapeutic interventions.
  • Developing reliable biomarkers is key for early Alzheimer's disease (AD) screening.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify blood-based protein biomarkers for early detection of Alzheimer's dementia in Down syndrome.
  • To investigate differences in serum protein profiles between DS individuals and age-matched controls.
  • To correlate serum findings with brain pathology in DS.

Main Methods:

  • Serum samples from 50 DS subjects and controls were analyzed using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry (MOLDI-MS).
  • Protein levels were quantified via Western blotting or ELISA.
  • Key findings were validated in DS brain tissues using immunohistochemistry and in-situ hybridization.

Main Results:

  • MOLDI-MS identified 85 proteins with significant differences between DS and controls.
  • Twenty-five differentially expressed proteins were confirmed, including amyloid beta, tau, clusterin, and retinol binding protein-4 (RBP4).
  • Specific proteins like amyloid beta and transthyretin were upregulated, while clusterin and RBP4 were downregulated in DS serum.

Conclusions:

  • Differentially expressed proteins are linked to AD risk factors and pathogenic pathways, including immune activation and cholesterol transport.
  • These protein signatures in DS individuals' sera may enable non-invasive methods for identifying and tracking AD progression.
  • The study highlights potential biomarkers for early detection of Alzheimer's disease in the prodromal phase.