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Related Concept Videos

Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System I: Cardiac Biomarkers01:20

Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System I: Cardiac Biomarkers

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Cardiac biomarkers are enzymes, proteins, and hormones released into the blood when cardiac cells are injured. They are powerful tools for triaging.
The essential diagnostic tools for detecting myocardial necrosis and monitoring individuals suspected of having acute coronary syndrome (ACS) include:
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Troponins, particularly cardiac troponins I and T, are the most precise and sensitive markers of myocardial injury. They are detectable within 4-6 hours of myocardial injury and remain...
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Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System II: CRP, Hcy, and Cardiac Natriuretic Peptide Markers01:19

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Cardiac biomarkers are critical in diagnosing, prognosing, and managing cardiovascular diseases. Routine measurement of specific biomarkers such as B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), C-reactive protein (CRP), and homocysteine (Hcy) is common practice in clinical settings to evaluate heart function and predict cardiovascular events.
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Cardiac myocytes produce these hormones in response to ventricular stretching...
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Dried Blood Spot Collection of Health Biomarkers to Maximize Participation in Population Studies
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Biomarkers.

Srijan Konwar1, Riccardo Manca2,3, Matteo De Marco4

  • 1Brunel University London, Uxbridge, United Kingdom.

Alzheimer'S & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer'S Association
|December 26, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Vascular comorbidity in Alzheimer's Disease (AD) causes widespread brain changes. Cognitively unimpaired individuals with vascular issues show enhanced brain connectivity, unlike those with cognitive decline.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroimaging
  • Neurology
  • Gerontology

Background:

  • Alzheimer's Disease (AD) frequently co-occurs with vascular pathology, influencing disease progression and clinical presentation.
  • Understanding the neuroimaging patterns of vascular comorbidity in AD is crucial for characterizing disease heterogeneity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review structural and functional neuroimaging findings in individuals with Alzheimer's Disease and co-existing vascular pathology.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic literature review following PRISMA guidelines.
  • Searched PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science for studies on the AD continuum.
  • Included 67 papers for structural imaging and 49 for functional imaging analysis.

Main Results:

  • Vascular comorbidity is associated with widespread cortical thinning, volumetric loss, and reduced white matter integrity in AD-susceptible regions.
  • Cognitively unimpaired individuals with vascular pathology exhibited increased functional connectivity in sensorimotor and visual networks, with greater cortical thickness and subcortical volumes.
  • Impaired individuals showed widespread cortical thinning, volume loss, and weaker functional connectivity.

Conclusions:

  • Vascular burden impacts brain structure and function broadly, affecting AD-susceptible areas, sensorimotor/visual networks, and deep subcortical regions.
  • Distinct neuroimaging patterns emerge based on cognitive status: impaired individuals show widespread atrophy and reduced connectivity, while unimpaired individuals display compensatory increases in regional thickness, volume, and connectivity.