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Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System I: Cardiac Biomarkers01:20

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Cardiac biomarkers are enzymes, proteins, and hormones released into the blood when cardiac cells are injured. They are powerful tools for triaging.
The essential diagnostic tools for detecting myocardial necrosis and monitoring individuals suspected of having acute coronary syndrome (ACS) include:
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Cardiac biomarkers are critical in diagnosing, prognosing, and managing cardiovascular diseases. Routine measurement of specific biomarkers such as B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), C-reactive protein (CRP), and homocysteine (Hcy) is common practice in clinical settings to evaluate heart function and predict cardiovascular events.
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Dried Blood Spot Collection of Health Biomarkers to Maximize Participation in Population Studies
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Biomarkers.

Isaiah-Lorenzo De Guia1, Shaun Eslick2, Swathi Kanduri1

  • 1Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.

Alzheimer'S & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer'S Association
|December 26, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Retinal thickness may indicate Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk, correlating with amyloid beta (Aβ) levels and other biomarkers. Thicker retinas linked to higher Aβ42/Aβ40 ratios, while thinner retinas associated with amyloid positivity and AD biomarkers like GFAP and NFL.

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Neurology
  • Biomarker Discovery

Background:

  • Amyloid beta (Aβ) deposits in the retina impact retinal thickness more than aging.
  • Retinal thickness shows potential as a diagnostic marker for Alzheimer's disease (AD).
  • Accessible AD screening methods are increasingly in demand.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate correlations between blood-based AD biomarkers and retinal thickness.
  • To analyze these correlations across different eye regions.
  • To compare findings in amyloid-negative and amyloid-positive individuals.

Main Methods:

  • Optical coherence tomography (OCT) and plasma biomarkers (NFL, Aβ42, Aβ40, GFAP) were analyzed.
  • Cognitively normal individuals (aged 58-84) were stratified by PET amyloid imaging (centiloid score ≥20).
  • Data analyzed by eye, image location (optic disc, macula), and ETDRS regions using Spearman correlation.

Main Results:

  • Amyloid-negative group: strong negative correlation between centiloid scores and peripapillary thickness; strong positive correlation between Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio and macular/peripapillary thickness.
  • Amyloid-positive group: negative correlations between centiloid scores and macular/peripapillary thickness.
  • Amyloid-positive group showed stronger negative associations between retinal thickness and GFAP/NFL compared to the amyloid-negative group.

Conclusions:

  • Retinal thickness in macular and peripapillary regions correlates with AD biomarkers.
  • Increased retinal thickness is associated with higher Aβ42/Aβ40 ratios.
  • Decreased retinal thickness correlates with amyloid positivity and blood-based GFAP/NFL biomarkers.