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A Metadata Extraction Approach for Clinical Case Reports to Enable Advanced Understanding of Biomedical Concepts
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Clinical Manifestations.

Timothy J Herron1, Jas M Chok1,2, Sandy J Lwi1

  • 1Veterans Affairs Northern California Health Care System, Martinez, CA, USA.

Alzheimer'S & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer'S Association
|December 26, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Novel cognitive factors from the California Cognitive Assessment Battery (CCAB) correlate with subjective memory complaints in healthy older adults. These factors may serve as early markers for cognitive decline.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Gerontology
  • Cognitive Psychology

Background:

  • Dementia treatment advances necessitate sensitive markers for early cognitive decline.
  • Identifying early cognitive decline in healthy older adults is crucial.
  • Subjective cognitive complaints are a potential indicator of early decline.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the utility of primary and secondary cognitive test metrics from a computerized battery in identifying early cognitive decline.
  • To explore the relationship between novel cognitive factors and subjective cognitive complaints.
  • To assess cognitive markers in a longitudinal study of cognitively healthy older participants.

Main Methods:

  • 309 cognitively healthy older adults were assessed using the California Cognitive Assessment Battery (CCAB) over 30 months.
  • Traditional aggregate factors and novel cognitive factors (including secondary metrics) were derived from CCAB scores.
  • Linear mixed models (LMM) and latent class mixed models (LCMM) were used to analyze longitudinal data and compare cognitive factors with subjective memory complaints (Cognitive Failures Questionnaire - CFQ).

Main Results:

  • Novel factors (Memory, Visuospatial/Executive, Incidental Speed) and a traditional PACC-R factor correlated significantly with elevated CFQ subscores.
  • No significant interactions were found between elevated CFQ and test learning or factor declines over 30 months.
  • LCMM analyses yielded mixed results; one method classified subjects by vocabulary, age, and race, with weak correlation to CFQ.

Conclusions:

  • Novel cognitive factors derived from the CCAB are associated with subjective cognitive complaints like forgetfulness.
  • These novel cognitive markers show potential as early indicators of cognitive decline.
  • Further validation in diverse populations and clinical settings (e.g., Mild Cognitive Impairment) is ongoing.