Lymphatic Filariasis in India: A Historical and Contemporary Overview

Lymphatic filariasis (LF) is a prevalent and serious ailment impacting millions worldwide, including India. The disease has been recognized since the 6th century B.C. and well documented since the 18th century, and it is regarded as one of the most concerning vector-borne diseases. India accounts for nearly 40% of the worldwide burden of LF.

A comprehensive review was conducted using online and offline databases, focusing on studies related to different aspects of LF in India.

Literature suggests that in India, about 98% of infections are produced by Wuchereria bancrofti , and in more than 99% of cases, Culex quinquefasciatus is the primary vector. Review reveals that the disease is gender- and age-specific; in most areas of India, rural and male populations are more affected than females, while middle- or working-age people are more affected. Filarial hydrocele is the leading cause of the higher prevalence in males (sometimes >10%), while adeno-lymphangitis, lymphodema, and elephantiasis are often more common in females. Acute and chronic filarial morbidities impose physical, social, marital, psychological, and economic consequences on the patients, their families, society, and the government. In India, it was estimated that about 2 million disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), US$811 million in annual wages, and up to 8% of the potential labour participation were lost due to LF.

Although the current situation has improved from the past, hundreds of Indian districts still require special attention from the mass drug administration program, along with sustainable vector management, morbidity management, public awareness, etc., as outlined in the Sustainable Development Goals.