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Related Concept Videos

Decision Making01:20

Decision Making

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Decision-making is a fundamental cognitive process that involves evaluating alternatives and selecting among them. This process can range from simple choices, such as deciding what to wear, to complex decisions, like choosing a major in college or a career path. The complexity of the decision often dictates the approach we use, which can be broadly categorized into two types: automatic and controlled decision-making.
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The human brain processes information for decision-making using one of two routes: an intuitive system and a rational system (Epstein, 1994; popularized by Kahneman, 2011 as System 1 and System 2, respectively). The intuitive system is quick, impulsive, and operates with minimal effort, relying on emotions or habits to provide cues for what to do next, while the rational system is logical, analytical, deliberate, and methodical. Research in neuropsychology suggests that the...
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The process of hypothesis testing based on the traditional method includes calculating the critical value, testing the value of the test statistic using the sample data, and interpreting these values.
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Organisms must balance energy intake with the energy required for growth, maintenance and reproduction. These trade-offs result in a variety of survivorship and reproductive strategies, including semelparity and iteroparity. Semelparous species, like annual plants, have only one reproductive episode in their lifetimes and consequently have short lifespans. Iteroparous species, by contrast, have many reproductive events during their lifetimes but have relatively few offspring. These two...
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Continual decision-making dynamics across biological organisms.

Liberty Severs1,2,3, Qiuran Wang2

  • 1Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Campo Grande 016, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal.

Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society
|December 26, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

We introduce the Continual Decision Making Dynamics (CDMD) framework to analyze adaptive decision-making across diverse species. This approach models decision-making as a history-sensitive process, enabling comparative studies in biology and cognitive science.

Keywords:
adaptive behaviourbiological organisationdecentralised systemdecision‐makingdistributed cognitionnon‐neural cognitionslime mould

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Area of Science:

  • Comparative cognition
  • Computational neuroscience
  • Theoretical biology

Background:

  • Adaptive decision-making is crucial for survival but varies across species.
  • Existing models often lack a broad comparative scope.
  • Understanding decision-making across diverse organisms requires new frameworks.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce the Continual Decision Making Dynamics (CDMD) framework for analyzing decision-making.
  • To extend the comparative analysis of decision-making to phylogenetically diverse organisms.
  • To model decision-making as a temporally extended, history-sensitive process.

Main Methods:

  • Developed the Continual Decision Making Dynamics (CDMD) framework.
  • Characterized decision-making as a self-organizing and self-regulating process.
  • Applied the framework to empirical examples across different species.

Main Results:

  • The CDMD framework accommodates distributed and decentralized control architectures.
  • It facilitates comparative analysis of decision-making strategies across phylogenetic scales.
  • The model captures decision strategies without explicit representational structures.

Conclusions:

  • The CDMD framework bridges biological complexity and cognitive modeling.
  • It highlights the role of regulatory control and organizational constraints in decision-making dynamics.
  • This approach offers a new perspective on adaptive behavior across biological systems.