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Related Concept Videos

Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System I: Cardiac Biomarkers01:20

Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System I: Cardiac Biomarkers

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Cardiac biomarkers are enzymes, proteins, and hormones released into the blood when cardiac cells are injured. They are powerful tools for triaging.
The essential diagnostic tools for detecting myocardial necrosis and monitoring individuals suspected of having acute coronary syndrome (ACS) include:
Troponins
Troponins, particularly cardiac troponins I and T, are the most precise and sensitive markers of myocardial injury. They are detectable within 4-6 hours of myocardial injury and remain...
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Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System II: CRP, Hcy, and Cardiac Natriuretic Peptide Markers01:19

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Cardiac biomarkers are critical in diagnosing, prognosing, and managing cardiovascular diseases. Routine measurement of specific biomarkers such as B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), C-reactive protein (CRP), and homocysteine (Hcy) is common practice in clinical settings to evaluate heart function and predict cardiovascular events.
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Cardiac myocytes produce these hormones in response to ventricular stretching...
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Dried Blood Spot Collection of Health Biomarkers to Maximize Participation in Population Studies
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Biomarkers.

Smriti Ghildiyal1, Ashwati Vipin2, Gurveen Kaur Sandhu1

  • 1Dementia Research Centre (Singapore), Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.

Alzheimer'S & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer'S Association
|December 26, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Higher vascular risk factors increase cognitive decline. For individuals with Apolipoprotein E4 (ApoE4), managing hypertension is crucial to prevent cognitive impairment, especially in midlife.

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Genetics
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Cognitive decline is influenced by age, education, and vascular risk factors like hypertension (HTN), hyperlipidemia (HLD), and diabetes mellitus (DM).
  • Apolipoprotein E4 (ApoE4) is a significant genetic risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer's Disease.
  • The interplay between vascular health and genetic predisposition (ApoE4) in cognitive impairment warrants further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine the association between the burden of vascular risk factors and cognitive function in a non-demented cohort.
  • To investigate the impact of individual vascular risk factors and ApoE4 status on cognitive decline.
  • To explore the interaction effects of vascular risk factors and ApoE4 on cognitive impairment across different age groups.

Main Methods:

  • 838 non-demented participants from the BIOCIS cohort were assessed.
  • Participants were stratified by vascular risk burden (none, one, multiple) and age group (midlife, later life).
  • Cognitive function was evaluated using global tests (MoCA, VCAT) and neuropsychological assessments (episodic memory, executive function, processing speed, visuospatial function, semantic fluency). Vascular risk factors and ApoE4 status were determined.

Main Results:

  • Increased vascular risk burden correlated with older age, lower education, and poorer cognitive performance across all domains.
  • Hyperlipidemia (HLD) and diabetes mellitus (DM) significantly increased the odds of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in later life.
  • In midlife, the interaction between hypertension (HTN) and ApoE4 significantly elevated the risk of subjective cognitive decline (SCD) and MCI.

Conclusions:

  • A higher count of vascular risk factors is associated with an increased risk of cognitive impairment.
  • While HTN alone did not directly impact cognitive classification, its combination with ApoE4 substantially increased cognitive impairment risk in midlife.
  • Aggressive management of hypertension is recommended for ApoE4 carriers to mitigate cognitive decline progression.