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Dried Blood Spot Collection of Health Biomarkers to Maximize Participation in Population Studies
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Biomarkers.

Aldo Camargo1, Ze Wang1

  • 1University of Maryland of Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, USA.

Alzheimer'S & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer'S Association
|December 26, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Higher brain entropy (BEN) globally suggests increased Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk. However, localized BEN increases in specific brain regions may indicate cognitive resilience and reduced AD risk, highlighting a dual role in AD.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Medical Imaging
  • Cognitive Science

Background:

  • Brain entropy (BEN) quantifies brain signal irregularity using methods like Sample Entropy.
  • Limited research exists on longitudinal BEN changes in Alzheimer's disease (AD).
  • This study investigates longitudinal BEN changes in specific brain regions using resting-state fMRI (rsfMRI).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine longitudinal changes in Sample Entropy across eight brain regions of interest (ROIs).
  • To assess the association between BEN, cognitive function (MMSE), education, and gender in a cohort at risk for AD.
  • To explore the dual role of BEN in AD progression and potential cognitive resilience.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of rsfMRI data from 122 participants in the PREVENT-AD dataset.
  • rsfMRI data preprocessing using fMRIPrep, including motion correction and normalization.
  • Calculation of Sample Entropy for eight ROIs and statistical analysis using Linear Mixed Models in R.

Main Results:

  • Age, whole-brain BEN, BEN in the left frontal superior cortex, left and right hippocampi, and gender were significantly associated with cognitive scores.
  • Increased whole-brain BEN correlated with higher cognitive decline.
  • Elevated BEN in the left frontal superior cortex and hippocampi was associated with reduced cognitive decline, suggesting a protective effect.

Conclusions:

  • Elevated whole-brain BEN may indicate increased AD risk and neuropathological changes.
  • Region-specific increases in BEN, particularly in the frontal cortex and hippocampi, might reflect enhanced neural adaptability and cognitive resilience.
  • BEN exhibits a dual role in AD, with global increases suggesting progression and regional increases potentially indicating protective mechanisms.