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Related Concept Videos

Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System I: Cardiac Biomarkers01:20

Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System I: Cardiac Biomarkers

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Cardiac biomarkers are enzymes, proteins, and hormones released into the blood when cardiac cells are injured. They are powerful tools for triaging.
The essential diagnostic tools for detecting myocardial necrosis and monitoring individuals suspected of having acute coronary syndrome (ACS) include:
Troponins
Troponins, particularly cardiac troponins I and T, are the most precise and sensitive markers of myocardial injury. They are detectable within 4-6 hours of myocardial injury and remain...
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Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System II: CRP, Hcy, and Cardiac Natriuretic Peptide Markers01:19

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Cardiac biomarkers are critical in diagnosing, prognosing, and managing cardiovascular diseases. Routine measurement of specific biomarkers such as B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), C-reactive protein (CRP), and homocysteine (Hcy) is common practice in clinical settings to evaluate heart function and predict cardiovascular events.
These markers indicate stress or strain on the heart muscle:
Natriuretic Peptides (BNP)
Cardiac myocytes produce these hormones in response to ventricular stretching...
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Dried Blood Spot Collection of Health Biomarkers to Maximize Participation in Population Studies
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Biomarkers.

Sevil Yasar1, Andrea Anderson2, Kathleen M Hayden3

  • 1Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.

Alzheimer'S & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer'S Association
|December 26, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study found that angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2) activity increased over time in adults with type 2 diabetes. Lower levels of certain renin-angiotensin system enzymes were observed in participants with cognitive impairment and non-White individuals.

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Neuroscience
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is implicated in Alzheimer's disease (AD) development.
  • Prospective studies on RAS components in AD are limited.
  • This study investigates changes in plasma ACE-1, ACE-2, angiotensin II (ANG-II), and angiotensin 1-7 (ANG1-7) over time, by cognitive status, and by race.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine longitudinal changes in plasma ACE-1, ACE-2, ANG-II, and ANG1-7.
  • To assess differences in these markers based on cognitive status.
  • To examine racial disparities in RAS enzyme levels.

Main Methods:

  • Secondary analysis of the Look AHEAD study (n=310) with 12-year follow-up.
  • Participants were dementia-free adults with overweight/obesity and T2DM, excluding RAS medication users.
  • Plasma ACE and angiotensin levels measured via ELISA and activity assays; cognitive status adjudicated; stratified by race.

Main Results:

  • ACE-2 activity significantly increased from year 1 to year 10.
  • ANG1-7 levels significantly increased from year 1 to year 4.
  • Cognitively impaired participants had lower ANG1-7 levels; Non-White participants had lower ANGII levels compared to White participants.

Conclusions:

  • ACE-2 enzyme activity increased longitudinally in older adults with T2DM.
  • Lower levels of certain RAS enzymes were associated with cognitive impairment and non-White race.
  • Findings suggest a potential role for ACE-2 in cognitive function and highlight racial differences in RAS markers.