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Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System I: Cardiac Biomarkers01:20

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Cardiac biomarkers are enzymes, proteins, and hormones released into the blood when cardiac cells are injured. They are powerful tools for triaging.
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Cardiac biomarkers are critical in diagnosing, prognosing, and managing cardiovascular diseases. Routine measurement of specific biomarkers such as B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), C-reactive protein (CRP), and homocysteine (Hcy) is common practice in clinical settings to evaluate heart function and predict cardiovascular events.
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Dried Blood Spot Collection of Health Biomarkers to Maximize Participation in Population Studies
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Biomarkers.

Mingzhao Hu1

  • 1Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.

Alzheimer'S & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer'S Association
|December 26, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cerebrovascular disease (CeVD) biomarkers, including diffusion MRI measures, show progression 10 years earlier than white matter hyperintensities (WMH). This finding aids early detection and intervention for vascular contributions to cognitive impairment (VCI).

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroimaging
  • Neurology
  • Biomarker Discovery

Background:

  • Cerebrovascular disease (CeVD) is a key co-pathology with Alzheimer's Disease, impacting cognitive impairment (VCI) estimation.
  • Current CeVD operationalization is limited, hindering accurate assessment of vascular contributions to cognitive impairment.
  • Novel diffusion MRI markers (FA, FW, PSMD, ARTS) and WMH are proposed as surrogates for early and late CeVD changes, respectively.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To characterize the temporal progression of CeVD biomarkers, including diffusion MRI markers and WMH.
  • To establish reliable cut-points for classifying normal versus abnormal CeVD biomarker status.
  • To enhance CeVD biomarker staging for improved clinical utility.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized CeVD biomarker data from 3,953 Mayo Clinic Study of Aging participants for classification and cut-point estimation.
  • Employed nonlinear mixed-effects (NLME) models to analyze longitudinal data from 2,047 participants, examining temporal progression.
  • Incorporated covariates such as age, sex, vascular risk, education, and APOE4 status into the temporal progression models.

Main Results:

  • Diffusion MRI biomarkers consistently demonstrated progression approximately 10 years earlier than white matter hyperintensities (WMH).
  • Whole-brain diffusion MRI measures (FW, PSMD, ARTS) showed high correlation with WMH, indicating synchronized progression with a time offset.
  • The regional genu measure exhibited earlier and steadier progression across decades with lower correlation to WMH.

Conclusions:

  • Established cut-points for diffusion MRI markers using VCI classification, with the accuracy young referent criterion showing superior performance.
  • Diffusion MRI markers indicate earlier CeVD progression compared to WMH, underscoring their potential for early detection.
  • The findings support the use of diffusion MRI markers for improved clinical assessment and targeted interventions in CeVD and VCI.