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Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System I: Cardiac Biomarkers01:20

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Cardiac biomarkers are enzymes, proteins, and hormones released into the blood when cardiac cells are injured. They are powerful tools for triaging.
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Cardiac biomarkers are critical in diagnosing, prognosing, and managing cardiovascular diseases. Routine measurement of specific biomarkers such as B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), C-reactive protein (CRP), and homocysteine (Hcy) is common practice in clinical settings to evaluate heart function and predict cardiovascular events.
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Dried Blood Spot Collection of Health Biomarkers to Maximize Participation in Population Studies
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Biomarkers.

Edric D Winford1,2,3,4, Benjamin D Huber1,2,3,5, Jessica Mazen1,2,3,5

  • 1Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.

Alzheimer'S & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer'S Association
|December 26, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Having a parent with Alzheimer's disease (AD) is linked to higher levels of peripheral inflammation in middle-aged adults. These inflammation markers differ based on sex and race, suggesting personalized risk assessment for Alzheimer's disease.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Immunology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Peripheral inflammation is a known risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD) development and progression.
  • Aging increases inflammation, potentially preceding AD onset.
  • A parental history of AD increases an individual's lifetime risk for the disease.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if a parental history of AD is associated with increased peripheral inflammation in middle-aged adults.
  • To determine if individuals with a parental history of AD exhibit higher levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines compared to those without.
  • To examine these associations across diverse racial and ethnic groups.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of 1,043 non-Hispanic White, non-Hispanic Black, and Hispanic adults from the Offspring Study.
  • Determination of parental AD status via a diagnostic consensus conference.
  • Measurement of plasma chemokine and cytokine concentrations using Luminex technology, with adjustments for age, sex, race, ethnicity, and APOE genotype.

Main Results:

  • Participants with a parental history of AD showed higher levels of Eotaxin and lower levels of G-CSF, VEGF-A, and IL-27.
  • Specific differences observed: IL-18 higher in Black individuals, EGF higher in White individuals with parental AD history.
  • Women with a parental history of AD had elevated levels of IFna2, IL-12p70, sCD40L, and IL-18.

Conclusions:

  • A parental history of Alzheimer's disease is associated with elevated peripheral inflammation markers.
  • The observed associations between parental AD history and inflammation vary significantly by sex and race/ethnicity.
  • These findings highlight potential inflammatory pathways influenced by genetics and demographics in AD risk.