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Related Concept Videos

Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System I: Cardiac Biomarkers01:20

Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System I: Cardiac Biomarkers

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Cardiac biomarkers are enzymes, proteins, and hormones released into the blood when cardiac cells are injured. They are powerful tools for triaging.
The essential diagnostic tools for detecting myocardial necrosis and monitoring individuals suspected of having acute coronary syndrome (ACS) include:
Troponins
Troponins, particularly cardiac troponins I and T, are the most precise and sensitive markers of myocardial injury. They are detectable within 4-6 hours of myocardial injury and remain...
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Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System II: CRP, Hcy, and Cardiac Natriuretic Peptide Markers01:19

Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System II: CRP, Hcy, and Cardiac Natriuretic Peptide Markers

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Cardiac biomarkers are critical in diagnosing, prognosing, and managing cardiovascular diseases. Routine measurement of specific biomarkers such as B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), C-reactive protein (CRP), and homocysteine (Hcy) is common practice in clinical settings to evaluate heart function and predict cardiovascular events.
These markers indicate stress or strain on the heart muscle:
Natriuretic Peptides (BNP)
Cardiac myocytes produce these hormones in response to ventricular stretching...
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Updated: Jan 7, 2026

Dried Blood Spot Collection of Health Biomarkers to Maximize Participation in Population Studies
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Biomarkers.

Darlene Antoine1,2, Saswat Sahoo3, Alexander Daskalopoulos4

  • 1NIH(NIA), Baltimore, MD, USA.

Alzheimer'S & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer'S Association
|December 26, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Phosphorylated tau (pTau) species in extracellular vesicles show distinct associations with cognitive function in Alzheimer's disease (AD). P231-tau, an early marker, may be particularly useful for tracking disease progression and treatment response in AD patients.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Biochemistry
  • Gerontology

Background:

  • Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology involves amyloid beta and tau proteins.
  • Extracellular vesicles (EVs) facilitate the spread of AD-related pathological proteins.
  • Biomarkers in biofluids are crucial for diagnosing and monitoring AD.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association of distinct neuronal extracellular vesicle (NEV) biomarkers with cognitive function in AD.
  • To examine the relationships between different phosphorylated tau (pTau) species, cognition, age, and sex.

Main Methods:

  • Longitudinal study of 30 AD participants evaluated with RBANS cognitive tests.
  • Plasma samples analyzed for Ab40, Ab42, and various pTau species (p181, p217, p231) within L1CAM-targeted EVs.
  • Linear mixed models used to assess biomarker associations with cognitive scores, controlling for age and sex.

Main Results:

  • P231-tau showed a unique positive association with RBANS scores.
  • Total tau also associated positively with cognition when age was included as a covariate.
  • All pTau species were positively correlated, except for a negative association between Total Tau and p231-tau.

Conclusions:

  • Distinct pTau species exhibit unique associations with cognitive function in AD.
  • P231-tau may serve as an early indicator for monitoring AD disease activity and treatment efficacy.
  • Further research is needed to validate p231-tau's utility in large cohorts.