Magnetic solid-phase extraction of organophosphorus pesticides in fruits and fruit juices using imidazolium-based...

A novel magnetic imidazolium-based poly(ionic liquid)-modified homoionic montmorillonite (Fe₃O₄-ImPIL@MMT) adsorbent was synthesized and applied in magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) for detecting organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs) in fruit and fruit juice samples. Key extraction parameters were optimized to achieve excellent linearity (0.5-500 ng g^-1, R² = 0.995-0.999), low detection and quantification limits (0.01-0.73 and 0.04-2.28 ng g^-1), and acceptable recoveries (69.0-111.9 %) with precision ranging from 0.3 % to 13.7 %. High enrichment factors (75-412) and minimal matrix effects (≤3 %) demonstrated strong selectivity toward OPPs. Tolclofos-methyl was detected in grape and grape juice samples (7.8 ng g^-1 and 7.5-8.7 ng g^-1, respectively), while ethion was found in orange and grape juice samples (2.4 ng g^-1 and 9.1-17.3 ng g^-1, respectively). The developed Fe₃O₄-ImPIL@MMT material exhibited significant potential as a simple, efficient, and green sorbent for sample pretreatment and pesticide residue monitoring.