Retinal organoids in age-related macular degeneration: Promise, pitfalls, and progress

Recent advancements in organoid technology have revolutionized our understanding of organ development and disease modelling. However, despite significant progress, retinal organoids continue to face several limitations, including imperfect architecture, incomplete maturation, limited functional integration, and lack of vascularization. These challenges hinder their potential as accurate models of human retinal biology and disease. In this review, we examine the currently available models of age-related macular degeneration, evaluate the potential of retinal organoids, and discuss their respective advantages and limitations. We also explore strategies to overcome the existing challenges in retinal organoid systems, drawing parallels from progress made in other organoid fields, where similar limitations have been addressed. Implementing these strategies may enhance the structural and functional fidelity of retinal organoids, thereby improving their utility in modelling retinal disorders and advancing regenerative medicine.