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Changes in Cardiothoracic Surgery Training Pathways: Three Decades of Evolution.

Nayeem Nasher1, Faizaan Siddique1, Daler Rahimov1

  • 1Department of Cardiac Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Journal of Surgical Education
|December 27, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Cardiothoracic surgery training applicant numbers fluctuated over three decades. Recent trends show increasing applicants and stable positions, potentially making CT surgery fellowship equally competitive across all training pathways.

Keywords:
cardiothoracic surgery trainingthoracic surgery fellowshipthoracic surgery matchthoracic surgery residency

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Education
  • Surgical Training
  • Cardiothoracic Surgery

Background:

  • Cardiothoracic (CT) surgery training in the US has evolved due to changing demands and interest.
  • Understanding historical trends is crucial for informing future CT surgery trainees.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze temporal factors and trends in US CT surgery training over the past 30 years.
  • To provide insights for prospective CT surgery fellows.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized National Resident Matching Program (NRMP) data from 1995-2025.
  • Categorized data into three eras: 1995-2003, 2004-2014, and 2015-2025.
  • Performed statistical analyses on applicant numbers, available positions, and match rates.

Main Results:

  • Era 1 (1995-2003): Declining applicants but exceeding positions (80.8% match rate).
  • Era 2 (2004-2014): Marked applicant decline, steady position decrease (78.2% filled).
  • Era 3 (2015-2025): Rising applicants, stable positions (66.0% match rate), high fill rate (98.2%).

Conclusions:

  • CT surgery fellowship match rates have varied significantly across eras.
  • Recent trends suggest increasing competition for CT surgery training positions.
  • Future CT surgery training may become equally selective across different pathways.