Reactive oxygen species-scavenging nanoantioxidants in inflammation: Design and therapy

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play critical roles in both physiological and pathological processes. However, excessive accumulation of ROS induces oxidative stress, leading to cellular damage and promoting the progression of inflammatory responses, ultimately resulting in various inflammatory diseases. Traditional antioxidants are limited by poor bioavailability, rapid metabolism, and potential side effects. Nanoantioxidants, which combine the advantages of nanotechnology and antioxidant properties, exhibit superior ROS-scavenging capabilities and improved drug delivery efficiency. This review first introduces the biological effects of ROS and highlights their pivotal role in regulating inflammatory signaling pathways, thereby highlighting the underlying mechanisms by which nanoantioxidants modulate inflammation through ROS elimination. This article focuses on the design strategies of various types of nanoantioxidants, including nanozyme-based systems, bioderived materials, and nanomaterials incorporating ROS-responsive moieties. Furthermore, the therapeutic applications of these nanoantioxidants in both acute and chronic inflammatory conditions are discussed in detail. Finally, the review summarizes current challenges in the clinical translation of nanoantioxidants and outlines future research directions aimed at meeting the complex therapeutic needs of inflammation management. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play critical roles in both physiological and pathological processes. However, overaccumulation of ROS induces oxidative stress, leading to cellular damage and exacerbated inflammation. Nanoantioxidants merge nanotechnology with antioxidant properties, enhancing both ROS scavenging and drug delivery.This review examines the roles of ROS in inflammatory signaling, highlighting the mechanisms through which nanoantioxidants modulate inflammation via ROS elimination. It systematically outlines the design strategies of various nanoantioxidants, focusing on nanozyme-based systems, bioderived materials, and nanomaterials incorporating ROS-responsive components. The therapeutic applications of nanoantioxidants in acute and chronic inflammatory conditions are discussed. Finally, the review summarizes the challenges in clinical translation and future research directions of nanoantioxidants to meet the complex therapeutic demands of inflammation.