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Preparation and Reactions of Sulfides

Preparation and Reactions of Sulfides

Sulfides are the sulfur analog of ethers, just as thiols are the sulfur analog of alcohol. Like ethers, sulfides also consist of two hydrocarbon groups bonded to the central sulfur atom. Depending upon the type of groups present, sulfides can be symmetrical or asymmetrical. Symmetrical sulfides can be prepared via an SN2 reaction between 2 equivalents of an alkyl halide and one equivalent of sodium sulfide.

Halogenation of Alkenes

Halogenation of Alkenes

Halogenation is the addition of chlorine or bromine across the double bond in an alkene to yield a vicinal dihalide. The reaction occurs in the presence of inert and non-nucleophilic solvents, such as methylene chloride, chloroform, or carbon tetrachloride.
Consider the bromination of cyclopentene. Molecular bromine is polarized in the proximity of the π electrons of cyclopentene. An electrophilic bromine atom adds across the double bond, forming a cyclic bromonium ion intermediate.

Types of Semiconductors

Types of Semiconductors

Intrinsic semiconductors are highly pure materials with no impurities. At absolute zero, these semiconductors behave as perfect insulators because all the valence electrons are bound, and the conduction band is empty, disallowing electrical conduction. The Fermi level is a concept used to describe the probability of occupancy of energy levels by electrons at thermal equilibrium. In intrinsic semiconductors, the Fermi level is positioned at the midpoint of the energy gap at absolute zero. When...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 7, 2026

Fabrication and Optimization of Type II Silicon Clathrate Films

Fabrication and Optimization of Type II Silicon Clathrate Films

Published on: October 14, 2025

Surface halogenation engineering for reversible silicon-based solid-state batteries.

Haosheng Li^1,2, Yaru Li¹, Guantai Hu²

¹Yongjiang Laboratory, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China.

Nature Communications

|December 27, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Surface halogenation of silicon electrodes improves solid-state battery performance by creating a stable interface, boosting Coulombic efficiency and long-term cyclability for next-generation energy storage.

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Fabrication and Optimization of Type II Silicon Clathrate Films

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Published on: December 20, 2016

Area of Science:

Materials Science
Electrochemistry
Energy Storage

Background:

Silicon-based solid-state batteries offer high energy density but face challenges with interfacial compatibility and kinetics.
Poor electrochemical compatibility between silicon anodes and solid electrolytes like Li6PS5Cl limits battery reversibility and efficiency.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a surface modification strategy for silicon negative electrodes to enhance interfacial compatibility and electrochemical performance.
To address sluggish interfacial kinetics and irreversible lithium loss in silicon-based solid-state batteries.

Main Methods:

A surface halogenation strategy was employed, reacting the native SiO2 layer on silicon particles with AlCl3.
This created a functional Al(Si)OCl composite interphase, improving ionic and electronic transport.

Main Results:

The modified silicon electrode achieved high initial Coulombic efficiency (94.3% in half-cells, 85.6% in full cells).
Long-term cycling showed 86% capacity retention over 200 cycles with 99.998% average Coulombic efficiency.
High-loading electrodes retained 72% capacity after 500 cycles, and full cells maintained 80% capacity after 200 cycles at 1C.

Conclusions:

The surface halogenation strategy effectively reconciles interfacial incompatibility in silicon-based solid-state batteries.
This approach enables fast transport, suppresses irreversible lithium loss, and significantly enhances reversibility and cyclability.
Halide chemistry presents a versatile pathway for advancing high-performance, reversible silicon-based solid-state batteries.