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Basic Science and Pathogenesis.

Giselle Rangel1,2, Berta Alicia Muñoz3, Morgan Ramirez4

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Infections like Chlamydophila pneumoniae may increase Alzheimer's disease risk. Cumulative pathogen exposure is linked to cognitive impairment and slower processing speed in older adults.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Infectious Disease Epidemiology
  • Gerontology

Background:

  • Alzheimer's disease (AD) prevalence is rising globally, particularly in aging populations.
  • Emerging evidence suggests pathogens can trigger inflammation, leading to cognitive decline and neurodegenerative diseases like AD.
  • Understanding these links is crucial for developing preventative strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between cognitive impairment and antibodies to various pathogens in older adults.
  • To explore the role of specific infections and cumulative pathogen exposure in cognitive decline.
  • To analyze demographic, inflammatory, and cognitive factors in relation to pathogen seropositivity.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective case-control study of 165 participants (≥65 years) from the Panama Aging Research Initiative Health Disparities (PARI-HD) study.
  • Assessed IgG antibodies against seven diverse pathogens (T. gondii, HSV-1, CMV, H. pylori, C. pneumoniae, T. pallidum, T. cruzi).
  • Utilized multivariable regression to analyze associations between pathogen antibodies, inflammation biomarkers, and cognitive function.

Main Results:

  • Chlamydophila pneumoniae seropositivity was significantly higher in cognitively impaired individuals (p=0.02).
  • Elevated TNF-α levels correlated with C. pneumoniae seropositivity (OR=2.08).
  • Cumulative exposure to pathogens increased cognitive impairment likelihood (OR=1.51) and reduced processing speed (OR=17.43).
  • Multiple pathogen interactions, particularly with C. pneumoniae, significantly raised cognitive impairment risk (OR=4.07).

Conclusions:

  • Findings suggest a link between C. pneumoniae infection and cognitive impairment in a Hispanic population.
  • Results highlight the potential role of multi-pathogen infections in Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis.
  • Further research is warranted to elucidate the specific mechanisms involving C. pneumoniae and AD.