Enzyme symphony in bio-inspired multi-enzyme cascades for enhanced biosynthesis

Area of Science:

• Biotechnology and Synthetic Biology
• Enzymology
• Chemical Engineering

Background:

• Artificial multi-enzyme cascades leverage enzymatic catalysis for continuous complex biosynthesis.
• Their efficiency stems from precise enzyme coordination, enabling effective intermediate transfer and maximizing pathway flux.
• This mirrors the synchronized collaboration seen in a symphony orchestra.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review the value-added biosynthetic capabilities of multi-enzyme cascades.
• To focus on converting inexpensive substrates into high-value complex products.
• To explore strategies for designing efficient artificial multi-enzyme assemblies.

Main Methods:

• Classification of multi-enzyme systems into four approaches: free enzymes, assembled complexes, fusion enzymes, and bio-based immobilized enzymes.
• Emphasis on the role of confined microenvironments in enhancing cascade reactions.
• Exploration of spatial architecture and dynamic regulation in multi-enzyme complexes.

Main Results:

• Multi-enzyme cascades demonstrate significant potential for value-added biosynthesis.
• Confined microenvironments are identified as crucial for achieving highly efficient cascade reactions.
• Rational design strategies for artificial multi-enzyme assemblies are discussed.

Conclusions:

• Artificial multi-enzyme cascades are a powerful tool for efficient biosynthesis.
• The spatial and dynamic design of these systems is key to their performance.
• AI-assisted design presents a promising future trend for optimizing cascade reactions and multi-enzyme complexes.