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Using Eye Movements to Understand Sense of Control in Situated Action.

Nils Wendel Heinrich^1,2, Annika Österdiekhoff³, Stefan Kopp³

¹Institute of Information Systems (IFIS), Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Universität zu Lübeck.

Cognitive Science

|December 28, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Individuals can maintain a sense of control in uncertain environments by adapting their actions and visual strategies. Predictable challenges allow for proactive adjustments, enhancing task performance and cognitive control.

Keywords:

Dynamic environments Embodied cognition Eye‐movement control Sense of Control Situated action control Statistical modeling

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Area of Science:

Cognitive Psychology
Neuroscience
Human-Computer Interaction

Background:

Understanding how humans maintain control in dynamic environments is crucial.
The interplay between cognitive factors (Sense of Control) and motor control is complex.
Eye movements provide insights into visual strategies during action control.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the relationship between Sense of Control, action control strategies, and eye movements.
To examine how predictability of environmental perturbations influences adaptation and performance.
To differentiate between reactive and proactive action control strategies.

Main Methods:

Three experiments using a custom spaceship steering simulation with eye-tracking.
Manipulation of environmental perturbations (random noise vs. predictable drift).
Analysis of fixation distances relative to the spaceship to infer control strategies.

Main Results:

Fixation distances indicated distinct action control strategies: shorter distances for reactive control (noise), longer distances for proactive control (drift).
Predictable perturbations allowed participants to maintain a high Sense of Control and task performance.
Unpredictable perturbations led to loss of control and reduced performance.

Conclusions:

Cognitive processes and sensorimotor control interact to navigate uncertainty.
Humans flexibly balance reactive and proactive strategies based on environmental predictability.
Sense of Control is strongly linked to the ability to anticipate and adapt to environmental changes.