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The Hamann-Todd Human Osteological Collection: A Representative Sample?

Amanda Wissler1,2, Alysha Lieurance3, Aleisha Reynolds4

  • 1Department of Anthropology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada.

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|December 28, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The Hamann-Todd Human Osteological Collection (HTHOC) is not representative of the general population due to biases in how individuals were acquired. Analysis reveals significant differences in causes and months of death compared to Cleveland's historical data.

Keywords:
Hamann‐Toddanatomical collectionskeletal collection

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Area of Science:

  • Biological Anthropology
  • Forensic Anthropology
  • Osteology

Background:

  • The Hamann-Todd Human Osteological Collection (HTHOC) has been foundational in biological and forensic anthropology.
  • The HTHOC has been historically used to represent the range of human biological variation in North America.
  • Concerns exist that structural and cultural violence in the HTHOC's creation may render it unrepresentative of broader populations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess biases within the Hamann-Todd Human Osteological Collection.
  • To compare the causes and months of death in the HTHOC with the contemporaneous Cleveland population.
  • To determine if the HTHOC is a representative sample of the broader population.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of causes of death for individuals in the HTHOC (from W. Montague Cobb's 1932 dissertation).
  • Analysis of months of death for individuals in the HTHOC.
  • Comparison of HTHOC data with contemporaneous Cleveland population data (from Mortality Statistics Annual Reports 1911-1930).

Main Results:

  • Notable differences were found in the causes of death between the HTHOC sample and the general Cleveland population.
  • A significant disparity in tuberculosis-related deaths was observed.
  • Statistically significant differences were identified in the monthly distribution of deaths for the HTHOC compared to Cleveland.

Conclusions:

  • Discrepancies in the HTHOC data reflect historical structural inequalities and practical considerations in cadaver acquisition.
  • Findings highlight the need to critically evaluate the representativeness of historical skeletal collections.
  • This study aims to inform future decisions regarding the use and ethical considerations of osteological collections.