[Mechanisms of foot-and-mouth disease virus replication and host-targeted intervention strategies]

The research on the interactions between foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) and its host has progressed from pathological analysis to systematic investigations of multi-dimensional and refined interaction networks. This review aims to summarize major advances in this field. First, the studies of viral entry mechanisms have expanded beyond simple receptor-ligand binding models to elucidate the spatiotemporal regulation of multi-receptor collaboration and endocytic pathways. Second, viral strategies, such as metabolic reprogramming and immune evasion, collaboratively hijack host cells to establish an intracellular microenvironment conducive to viral replication. Furthermore, elucidating mechanisms of persistent infection in ruminants and deciphering the regulatory networks of host factors involved in viral replication and assembly have significantly advanced our understanding about the latency and replication cycles of FMDV. These mechanism insights provide a theoretical foundation for developing novel intervention strategies, such as broad-spectrum vaccines, host factor-targeted antiviral agents, and breeding for disease resistance, which hold promise for overcoming the limitations of current control measures. Future research should focus on integrating cutting-edge multidisciplinary technologies to unravel virus-host co-evolution dynamics, facilitate the translation of basic research into clinical and applied outcomes, and ultimately provide new paradigms and strategic support for the effective control of foot-and-mouth disease. The significance of this work lies in its systematic elucidation of the multidimensional mechanisms underlying FMDV-host interactions. This not only deepens our theoretical understanding of viral latency and the replication cycle but also provides a critical foundation for developing novel control strategies, such as broad-spectrum vaccines and targeted antiviral agents, which could potentially overcome prevailing constraints in controlling the disease.