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Oxidation-reduction or redox reactions involve the transfer of electrons from one molecule or atom to another. When an atom gains an electron, another atom must lose an electron, meaning oxidation and reduction must occur together. Since the redox occurs in pairs, the atom that gets oxidized is also called the reducing agent or reductant, and the atom that is reduced is also called the oxidizing agent or oxidant. A straightforward way to remember the definitions of oxidation and reduction is...
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Redox reactions are vital biochemical processes that underpin energy metabolism in cells. These reactions involve the transfer of electrons between molecules, occurring in tandem as oxidation and reduction. Oxidation refers to the loss of electrons, while reduction denotes their gain. This coupling ensures the seamless flow of electrons through metabolic pathways. For example, in bacterial metabolism, glucose undergoes oxidation to carbon dioxide, while oxygen is simultaneously reduced to...
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Updated: Jan 7, 2026

A Modular Microfluidic Technology for Systematic Studies of Colloidal Semiconductor Nanocrystals
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Architected Redox-Active Colloids for Tunable Charge Transport in Aqueous Systems.

Sinae Lee1, Jeongwon Kim2, Eunsung Kim1,3

  • 1Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.

Small (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)
|December 29, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Architected redox-active colloids (RACs) with organized ethyl viologen (EV) domains enhance electrochemical performance in aqueous systems. Internal colloid architecture, not just content, dictates charge transport and stability for sustainable energy applications.

Keywords:
internal architecture controlredox‐active colloidsswelling‐mediated loading

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Area of Science:

  • Soft matter physics
  • Materials science
  • Electrochemistry

Background:

  • Colloids are foundational soft matter, traditionally passive but increasingly explored for programmable electrochemical functions.
  • Aqueous electrolytes face limitations like narrow potential windows and poor redox site stability, hindering sustainable redox systems.
  • Existing colloidal dispersions offer limited control over electrochemical properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To address limitations in aqueous electrolytes by developing architected redox-active colloids (RACs).
  • To investigate the impact of internal colloid architecture on electrochemical performance.
  • To establish a generalizable strategy for designing soft colloidal materials with integrated charge transport.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of RACs using polystyrene (PS) spheres embedded with ethyl viologen (EV) via a swelling-mediated loading process.
  • Independent control over particle size, redox-site density, and internal EV organization.
  • Electrochemical characterization to assess redox capacity, reversibility, charge transport, and stability.

Main Results:

  • RACs allow independent control over particle size, redox-site density, and internal EV organization, enabling direct control over redox capacity and reversibility.
  • Colloids with densely organized and spatially continuous EV domains exhibited enhanced charge transport and stability.
  • Internal architecture, rather than total redox content, was found to govern electrochemical performance.

Conclusions:

  • Architected redox-active colloids (RACs) provide a robust and flow-compatible platform for aqueous electrochemical systems.
  • The internal architecture of colloids is critical for optimizing electrochemical performance, surpassing simple redox content.
  • This work presents a generalizable strategy for designing soft colloidal materials with integrated charge transport functionality for sustainable energy applications.