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The ability of a drug to produce structural deformations and functional abnormalities in the developing embryo or the fetus is called teratogenicity, and the drug producing this effect is known as a teratogen. Teratogenic effects include stillbirth, miscarriage, intrauterine growth restriction, and neurocognitive delay. A teratogen may affect the embryo at different stages of development, which is important in determining the type and extent of the damage. During blastocyst formation, the early...
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Bioavailability refers to the proportion of an administered drug that reaches the systemic circulation in its active, unaltered form. It is a crucial pharmacokinetic parameter that determines the effectiveness of a drug in achieving its intended therapeutic outcomes. The route of administration significantly influences bioavailability, with intravenous administration achieving 100% bioavailability as the drug directly enters the bloodstream. In contrast, oral administration often results in...
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Author Spotlight: Studying the Impact of Maternal Dietary Deficiencies on Long-Term Offspring Health Outcomes
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Folate Profile in Tissues from Infant Primates Fed Folic Acid.

Matthew J Kuchan1, Avinash Pokala1, Stefan Ehling1

  • 1Division of Nutrition, Abbott Laboratories, Columbus, OH, United States.

The Journal of Nutrition
|December 29, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Tissue folate concentrations were explored in infant macaques, revealing highest levels in the liver and kidney. Folate distribution varied across brain regions, with tetrahydrofolate (THF) being most abundant in all brain areas studied.

Keywords:
brainfolateinfantorganrhesus macaque

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Area of Science:

  • Nutritional Science
  • Primate Research
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Dietary folic acid (FA) is common in circulation, but human tissue folate forms and concentrations are poorly understood.
  • Infant rhesus macaques, with lower FA reductive activity than rodents, serve as a relevant model for human infants.
  • Limited data exists on tissue-specific folate distribution in developing primates.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate tissue folate concentrations in infant rhesus macaques fed folic acid.
  • To compare folate levels in various organs and brain regions between different infant feeding groups.
  • To identify the predominant folate forms (tetrahydrofolate, 5-methyltetrahydrofolate, unmetabolized folic acid) in primate tissues.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of archived tissue samples from infant macaques (n=23) fed either breastmilk/maternal diet (BMD) or milk replacer (MR).
  • Quantification of tetrahydrofolate (THF), 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (5-MTHF), and unmetabolized folic acid (UMFA) using LC-MS/MS.
  • Measurement of folates in plasma, primary organs (liver, kidney, heart, lung), and multiple brain regions.

Main Results:

  • All measured folates were detected in tissues, except THF in plasma. Total folate (Σfolate) concentrations were highest in liver and kidney, followed by heart, brain, lung, and plasma, showing a 100-fold range.
  • Kidney and lung exhibited the highest concentrations of unmetabolized folic acid (UMFA).
  • Within the brain, prefrontal and temporal cortices, and cerebellum showed higher Σfolate than motor cortex, occipital cortex, and striatum, with THF being the most abundant folate form in all brain regions. Feeding groups (BMD vs. MR) showed minimal differences in tissue and brain folate concentrations.

Conclusions:

  • Significant variations in tissue folate metabolism, uptake, and/or retention are indicated across different organs and brain regions.
  • Further research is warranted to elucidate the underlying mechanisms governing these observed folate distribution patterns.
  • The findings contribute to understanding primate folate dynamics, relevant for human infant nutrition and development.