Airborne microplastics and their impact on human health: A critical review

The pervasive presence of microplastics (MPs) in both outdoor and indoor air environments has raised increasing concerns about their potential health risks. Understanding the health implications of these airborne microplastics (AMPs) is crucial, particularly their role in pollutant transport and human exposure. This review analyzes the potential toxicological effects of AMPs, particularly the interactions of inhaled MPs with human respiratory, hepatic, and reproductive systems. It compiled both in vitro and in vivo studies on inflammatory responses, cellular damage, and translocation of MPs and associated additives within the human body. To identify and prioritize future research areas, we discussed knowledge gaps in existing literature and proposed an interdisciplinary approach to further unveil the complex relationship between AMPs and human health. This work is anticipated to serve as a valuable resource for researchers, policymakers, and health professionals, promoting research and regulation development efforts relevant to AMPs.