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Updated: Jan 7, 2026

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Decellularization Protocols for Esophagus Bioengineering: A Systematic Review.

Alexandre Goussens1,2, Patricia Renard3, Alexandra Dili2,4

  • 1Morphology Lab (MORF), UCLouvain-IREC (Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique), Avenue Emmanuel Mounier 52-B1.52.04, 1200 Brussels, Belgium.

Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland)
|December 30, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Esophageal decellularization shows promise for digestive tract reconstruction. However, significant heterogeneity in current protocols makes defining an optimal method challenging, despite generally effective cell removal.

Keywords:
Sodium DeoxyCholateSodium Dodecyl Sulfatebioengineeringdecellularizationesophagectomyesophagussystematic review

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Regenerative Medicine
  • Surgical Innovation

Background:

  • Esophageal reconstruction often follows esophagectomy.
  • Decellularization offers a potential alternative to traditional surgical methods.
  • Existing decellularization protocols vary widely.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review and assess the effectiveness of current esophageal decellularization protocols.
  • To identify common methods and outcomes in esophageal tissue engineering.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic literature review of PubMed, EMBASE, and Scopus databases until September 2025.
  • Two independent reviewers conducted study selection, data extraction, and quality assessment.
  • Inclusion/exclusion criteria were applied to selected articles.

Main Results:

  • 26 articles were included from 2494 screened references.
  • Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate (SDS) or Sodium DeoxyCholate (SDC) were the most common chemical agents.
  • Cannulation was the most frequent physical method; heterogeneity in animal models was noted.
  • Most protocols removed residual cell nuclei, but DNA levels were often unsatisfactory.
  • Extracellular matrix (ECM) was generally preserved, with consistent loss of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs).

Conclusions:

  • Esophageal decellularization is a feasible technique for tissue engineering.
  • The optimal decellularization protocol remains undefined due to significant study heterogeneity.
  • Further standardization is needed to advance esophageal tissue regeneration.