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Lower Limb Biomechanical Analysis of Healthy Participants
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Lower Limb Biomechanical Observations in Hypermobile Children: An Exploratory Case-Control Study.

Muhammad Maarj1,2, Verity Pacey3, Louise Tofts2,3

  • 1School of Health Sciences, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, The University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, NSW 2258, Australia.

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
|December 30, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Children with generalized joint hypermobility (GJH) exhibit distinct lower limb biomechanics, including increased hip rotation, Q-angle, ankle range of motion (ROM), and foot posture index (FPI). These differences highlight potential injury risks and warrant further investigation into clinical relevance.

Keywords:
biomechanicsfoot posturehypermobilitymusculoskeletal condition

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Area of Science:

  • Biomechanics
  • Pediatrics
  • Orthopedics

Background:

  • Generalized joint hypermobility (GJH) is characterized by excessive joint range of motion.
  • GJH is linked to increased risk of musculoskeletal injuries, joint pain, and instability.
  • Understanding lower limb biomechanics in children with GJH is crucial for injury prevention.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare lower limb biomechanical characteristics between children with and without GJH.
  • To identify specific biomechanical differences associated with GJH in pediatric populations.
  • To explore potential clinical implications of these biomechanical variations.

Main Methods:

  • A case-control study comparing 27 children with GJH to 25 age- and sex-matched healthy controls.
  • Participants aged 5-18 years were assessed using the Beighton score for GJH diagnosis.
  • Biomechanical measures included internal hip rotation, quadriceps (Q) angle, tibial torsion, ankle range of motion (ROM), and foot posture index (FPI).
  • Statistical analysis employed Wilcoxon rank sum test and chi-square tests.

Main Results:

  • Children with GJH demonstrated significantly higher internal hip rotation, Q-angle, ankle ROM, and FPI compared to controls (p < 0.001).
  • Tibial torsion showed no significant difference in males, but females with GJH had greater internal tibial torsion.
  • Ankle ROM exhibited the largest differences, with a median difference of 9° in both right and left ankles.

Conclusions:

  • Children with GJH exhibit significantly different lower limb biomechanical profiles compared to their non-hypermobile peers.
  • These biomechanical variations, particularly in hip, ankle, and foot, may contribute to the increased injury risk associated with GJH.
  • Further research is warranted to investigate the clinical relevance of these movement planes not assessed by the Beighton score.