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Bilingualism Enhances Metalinguistic Awareness in Autism: Extending the Two-Dimensional Grammaticality Judgment Task.

Pauline Wolfer1, Franziska Baumeister1, Stephanie Durrleman1

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Autism Research : Official Journal of the International Society for Autism Research
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Summary

Bilingual autistic children showed enhanced metalinguistic awareness (MA), particularly in cognitive control, compared to monolingual peers. Higher second-language (L2) proficiency correlated with better overall performance, suggesting bilingualism may benefit autistic children.

Keywords:
autism spectrum disorderbilingualismgrammaticality judgment taskmetalinguistic awareness

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Area of Science:

  • Psycholinguistics
  • Developmental Psychology
  • Neurodevelopmental Disorders

Background:

  • Bilingualism is linked to metalinguistic awareness (MA), but findings are inconsistent.
  • Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) presents diverse cognitive and linguistic profiles, complicating research on bilingualism's effects.
  • The specific contributions of first-language (L1) and second-language (L2) proficiency to MA in autistic children are understudied.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relationship between bilingualism and metalinguistic awareness (MA) in children with and without Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD).
  • To examine how L1 and L2 proficiency influence MA components, specifically analyzed knowledge and cognitive control.
  • To explore the potential metalinguistic benefits of bilingualism in autistic children.

Main Methods:

  • A Grammaticality Judgment Task (GJT) assessed MA components in 270 children (aged 5-12; 90 autistic, 180 neurotypical).
  • Bilingualism was analyzed categorically (monolingual vs. bilingual) and continuously (L2 proficiency).
  • Generalized linear mixed-effects models controlled for age, nonverbal IQ, and L1 proficiency.

Main Results:

  • No significant bilingual advantage in MA was observed in neurotypical children.
  • Bilingual autistic children outperformed monolingual autistic children on cognitive control aspects of the GJT.
  • Higher L2 proficiency was associated with better overall GJT performance in autistic children.

Conclusions:

  • Bilingualism may offer specific metalinguistic benefits for autistic children, particularly in cognitive control.
  • Findings highlight the importance of considering both categorical and continuous measures of bilingualism to understand individual variability in neurodiverse populations.
  • This research suggests bilingualism is not detrimental and may confer advantages for metalinguistic abilities in ASD.