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A hydrogen bond is formed when a weakly positive hydrogen atom already bonded to one electronegative atom (for example, the oxygen in the water molecule) is attracted to another electronegative atom from another polar molecule, such as water (H2O), hydrogen fluoride (HF), or ammonia (NH3). The huge electronegativity difference between the H atom (2.1) and the atom to which it is bonded (4.0 for an F atom, 3.5 for an O atom, or 3.0 for an N atom), combined with the very small size of an H atom...
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Hydrogen bonds are weak attractions between atoms that have formed other chemical bonds. One of these atoms is electronegative, like oxygen, and has a partial negative charge. The other is a hydrogen atom that has bonded with another electronegative atom and has a partial positive charge.
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Because hydrogen has very weak electronegativity when it binds with a strongly electronegative atom, such as oxygen or nitrogen, electrons in the bond are unequally shared....
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A High-Energy Low-Sensitivity Zwitterionic Material Featuring a Superhydrogen-Bonding Network Structure.

Xiangyu Niu1, Jie Tang1, Caijin Lei1

  • 1School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Xiaolingwei 200, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China.

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Researchers developed a new energetic material, AHPT, using a nitro-hydroxy cooperative incorporation strategy. This high-energy, low-sensitivity explosive offers superior performance and stability compared to conventional explosives like RDX and HMX.

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Area of Science:

  • Energetic Materials Science
  • Organic Synthesis
  • Materials Chemistry

Background:

  • Enhancing energy density in energetic materials often compromises stability.
  • Conventional explosives face limitations in balancing energy output and safety.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel synthetic strategy for creating high-energy, low-sensitivity energetic materials.
  • To synthesize and characterize a new zwitterionic compound, AHPT, incorporating nitro and hydroxy groups.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a "nitro-hydroxy cooperative incorporation" synthetic strategy.
  • Synthesized the zwitterionic compound (7-amino-3-hydroxy-5-iminio-6-nitro-3-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)-3,5-dihydropyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-2-yl)(nitro)amide (AHPT).
  • Characterized AHPT's density, detonation performance (D, P), and impact sensitivity (IS).

Main Results:

  • AHPT exhibits a density of 1.85 g·cm⁻³, detonation velocity of 8969 m·s⁻¹, and detonation pressure of 37.9 GPa.
  • AHPT shows superior density and detonation performance over RDX and comparable velocity to HMX.
  • AHPT demonstrates significantly reduced impact sensitivity (21 J) compared to RDX (7.4 J) and HMX (5.0 J).

Conclusions:

  • The synthesized AHPT possesses high energy density and low sensitivity due to its stable supramolecular hydrogen-bonding network and zwitterionic charge delocalization.
  • The "nitro-hydroxy cooperative incorporation" strategy is effective for developing advanced energetic materials.
  • AHPT represents a promising candidate for future high-energy, low-sensitivity energetic material applications.