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Sex Influences the Load-Velocity Relationship More Than the Relative Strength
Fernando Pareja-Blanco1,2, Juan Sánchez-Valdepeñas2,3, Pedro Jesús Cornejo-Daza2
1Faculty of Sports Sciences, Department of Sports and Computer Sciences, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain.
International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance
|December 30, 2025
Summary
Sex differences in the load-velocity relationship during bench press persist even when relative strength is matched. These disparities are likely due to sex-related factors, not just strength levels.
Area of Science:
- Biomechanics
- Exercise Physiology
Background:
- The relationship between relative load and movement velocity is crucial for understanding resistance exercise performance.
- Previous research has not fully elucidated the influence of sex on this relationship when controlling for relative strength.
Purpose of the Study:
- To investigate how sex and relative strength (RS) impact the load-velocity profile in the bench press exercise.
- To determine if sex-based differences in the load-velocity relationship persist at comparable relative strength levels.
Main Methods:
- One hundred twenty healthy young men and women were categorized into four groups based on their RS in the bench press.
- Participants underwent a progressive loading test to assess the relationship between % of 1-repetition maximum (%1RM) and movement velocity.
Main Results:
- A strong correlation (R² = .95–.97) was found between %1RM and velocity across all groups.
- Significant differences in velocity were observed between sexes at each %1RM (20%–95% 1RM), even when RS was matched.
- No significant differences in velocity were found within sexes across varying RS levels at any given intensity.
Conclusions:
- Sex-based differences in the bench press load-velocity relationship are evident even at similar relative strength levels.
- These findings suggest that sex-related biological factors, rather than strength differences alone, contribute to variations in the load-velocity profile.
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