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Non-equilibrium Microwave Plasma for Efficient High Temperature Chemistry

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Microwave-Induced Hydrogen Plasma as a New Synthesis Process for High-Entropy Carbides.

Muhammad Shiraz Ahmad¹, Kallol Chakrabarty¹, Shane A Catledge¹

¹Department of Physics, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), 1300 University Blvd., Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.

Materials (Basel, Switzerland)

|December 31, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Microwave-Induced Hydrogen Plasma (MIHP) offers a new method for synthesizing high-entropy carbides (HECs). This study demonstrates MIHP

Keywords:

ceramic processing elemental mapping equiatomic oxides high-entropy carbides mechanical properties microwave-induced hydrogen plasma nanoindentation plasma-assisted synthesis

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Area of Science:

Materials Science
Plasma Physics
Solid State Chemistry

Background:

Conventional synthesis of high-entropy carbides (HECs) involves mechanical alloying and sintering.
These methods can be energy-intensive and may lead to phase impurities.
A novel, efficient synthesis route for HECs is needed.

Purpose of the Study:

To introduce and validate Microwave-Induced Hydrogen Plasma (MIHP) as a novel synthesis route for HECs.
To demonstrate the feasibility and reproducibility of MIHP for HEC production.
To characterize the structural and chemical properties of MIHP-synthesized HECs.

Main Methods:

Synthesis of MoNbTaVWC5 using MIHP at 200 Torr.
Carbothermal reduction facilitated by microwave-generated hydrogen plasma.
Characterization using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) with Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS), nanoindentation, X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), and Raman Spectroscopy.

Main Results:

Formation of a single-phase rocksalt-type face-centered cubic structure confirmed by XRD.
Uniform elemental distribution observed via SEM-EDS.
Hardness and elastic modulus values consistent with literature.
XPS confirmed carbide formation with minimal oxides.
Raman spectroscopy indicated high structural and chemical purity, with no detectable carbon-based impurity bands.

Conclusions:

MIHP is a viable and reproducible method for synthesizing high-purity HECs.
The plasma environment with atomic hydrogen species promotes efficient HEC formation.
MIHP offers a promising alternative to conventional synthesis techniques for advanced materials.