Numerical and Experimental Investigation of Parameters in Cement Delivery Through Spinal Implants

Bone cement is used in spinal procedures and can be used alone or in combination with an implant to stabilize spine and relieve pain. Despite benefits, complications remain a concern. This study investigates how the internal geometry of a spinal implant device affects injection pressure and cement distribution. Two design groups (G1 and G2), differing in lateral channel angle, were analyzed across three functional variants using CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) simulations. CFD modeling employed a two-phase (air-cement) flow. Experimental tests confirmed simulation tests and revealed that angled channels (G2) promoted more uniform cement flow. CFD analysis showed reduced pressure on the syringe plunger, especially when the central channel was blocked. Threaded configurations increased the needed pressure but had minimal impact on flow distribution. G2 required a higher force exerted on the syringe plunger than G1. The study concludes that channel geometry significantly affects the required cement delivery pressure and implant fixation, which translates into the implant-bone interface. While certain configurations improve flow uniformity, elevated injection pressure may pose risks. These findings support optimizing implant design and cement delivery techniques, contributing to safer and more effective implant-based spinal surgeries with bone cement augmentation.