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Thermal Strain

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Thermal strain is a concept that arises when we consider how temperature changes affect structures. Unlike the conventional assumption that structures remain constant under load, real-world scenarios often involve temperature fluctuations that can significantly impact these structures. Consider a homogeneous rod with a uniform cross-section resting freely on a flat horizontal surface. If the rod's temperature increases, the rod elongates. This elongation is proportional to the temperature...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 7, 2026

Surrogate Model Development for Digital Experiments in Welding

Surrogate Model Development for Digital Experiments in Welding

Published on: March 28, 2025

Extruder Path Analysis in Fused Deposition Modeling Using Thermal Imaging.

Juan M Cañero-Nieto¹, Rafael J Campo-Campo², Idanis B Díaz-Bolaño³

¹Dept. Civil, Materials and Manufacturing Engineering, Escuela de Ingenierías Industriales, Universidad de Málaga, Andalucía Tech, Campus de Teatinos, 29071 Málaga, Spain.

|December 31, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a new method using thermal imaging to check if 3D printer movements match programmed instructions. This helps improve quality control in fused deposition modeling (FDM) for reliable polymer parts.

Keywords:

G-code additive manufacturing (AM)extruder path analysis in situ quality control infrared thermography (IRT)polylactic acid (PLA)process monitoring

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Area of Science:

Additive Manufacturing
Materials Science
Quality Control

Background:

Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) is a popular 3D printing method, but maintaining consistent quality and reliability is difficult.
Accurate control of extruder head trajectories and speeds is crucial for high-quality FDM prints.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop and validate a novel methodology for evaluating the fidelity of programmed FDM printing parameters against executed ones.
To assess the potential of infrared thermography for in situ quality control in FDM processes.

Main Methods:

The study integrated long-wave infrared (LWIR) thermography and image processing techniques.
A polylactic acid (PLA) specimen was printed using FDM, with G-code data compared against kinematic variables from thermal imaging.
The methodology focused on analyzing deviations in nozzle movement and layer deposition accuracy.

Main Results:

The developed approach successfully detected deviations between programmed and executed extruder head trajectories and speeds.
Thermal image analysis provided insights into layer deposition accuracy, indicating potential defect formation.
The non-invasive monitoring method demonstrated its capability for in situ quality control.

Conclusions:

The thermal imaging-based methodology offers a reliable tool for monitoring FDM processes and ensuring product quality.
This approach can serve as an early indicator of defects, supporting process optimization in additive manufacturing.
The findings advance smart sensing strategies for industrial additive manufacturing workflows.