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Fused Filament Fabrication FFF of Metal-Ceramic Components
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Development and Characterization of Biodegradable Polymer Filaments for Additive Manufacturing.

Tomáš Balint1, Jozef Živčák1, Radovan Hudák1

  • 1Biomedical Engineering and Measurement Department, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Košice, Letná 1/9, 042 00 Košice, Slovakia.

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|December 31, 2025
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study optimized biodegradable polymer filaments for 3D printing biomedical scaffolds. Filament 111 showed superior mechanical properties and potential for hard tissue replacement applications.

Keywords:
3D printingPLA/PHB blendSEM analysismechanical testingscaffold fabrication

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Polymer Engineering
  • Additive Manufacturing

Background:

  • Biodegradable polymers are crucial for biomedical applications like tissue scaffolds.
  • Optimizing processing parameters is key to achieving desired material properties for 3D printing.
  • Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) is a promising technique for creating complex biomedical structures.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To optimize processing parameters for biodegradable polymer filaments for 3D printing.
  • To evaluate the mechanical, microbiological, and surface properties of developed filaments.
  • To assess the potential of these filaments for fabricating biomedical scaffolds for hard tissue replacement.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of three biodegradable filaments (111, 145, 146) using PLA/PHB matrix with varying plasticizers via FFF.
  • Mechanical testing (tensile, compressive) using MTS Insight 1 kN system.
  • Microbiological assessment (biofilm formation, CFU counts) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) for surface analysis.

Main Results:

  • Filament 111 demonstrated the highest Young's modulus of elasticity (4.63 MPa at 100% infill).
  • Significant biofilm formation was observed across all filaments, with Log10 (CFU) > 9.41 after 72h incubation with S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, and C. albicans.
  • SEM analysis confirmed high surface quality and purity, with elimination of surface defects.

Conclusions:

  • Biodegradable filaments, particularly formulation 111, exhibit promising mechanical properties for biomedical scaffolds.
  • The materials show potential for hard tissue replacement and future regenerative applications.
  • Further refinement of biological properties is recommended for advanced regenerative uses.